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Chapter D7 - Flow birefringence

from Part D - Hydrodynamics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 November 2012

Igor N. Serdyuk ,
Nathan R. Zaccai  and
Joseph Zaccai
Igor N. Serdyuk
Affiliation:
Institute of Protein Research, Moscow
Nathan R. Zaccai
Affiliation:
University of Bristol
Joseph Zaccai
Affiliation:
Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble
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Summary

Historical review

1870

J. Clerk Maxwell was the first to describe the phenomenon of double birefringence in flow (DBF), using Canada balsam as the liquid for study. DBF was produced by subjecting the Canada balsam to shear between two concentric cylinders, one of which rotated while the other was held fixed.

1932

P. Boeder presented the first theory of DBF. He formulated the main problem of the theory as finding the relation of the extinction angle and the magnitude of double refraction to the molecular dimensions of colloidal particles. Between 1938 and 1941, A. Peterlin and H. A. Stuart, and O. Snellman and Y. Bjornstahl proposed that this relation could be expressed as a function of a parameter that is equal to the ratio of the velocity gradient to the rotational diffusion coefficient. The crux of the problem was the determination of the rotational diffusion coefficient from experimental measurements of the extinction angle and the magnitude of double refraction.

1950s

H. A. Sheraga, J. T. Edsall and J. O. Gadd evaluated the extinction angle and birefringence numerically as a function of velocity gradient over a wide velocity gradient to rotational diffusion coefficients ratio range. This opened the way for the calculation of molecular dimensions of ellipsoidal particles from flow birefringence.

Late 1960s

G. B. Thurston proposed measuring birefringence in a hydrodynamic oscillating field. At the same time N. Davidson created a method for determining relaxation times from the decay of flow dichroism measurements.

Type
Chapter
Information
Methods in Molecular Biophysics
Structure, Dynamics, Function
 , pp. 435 - 445
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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References

Gennes, P. G. (1997). Molecular individualism. Science, 276, 1999–1992.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheraga, H. A., Edsall, J. T., and Gadd, J. O. (1951). Double refraction of flow: numerical evaluation of extinction angle and birefringence as a function of velocity gradient. J. Chem. Phys. 19, 1101–1108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrington, R. E. (1970). Measurement of flow birefringence at very low velocity gradients. Biopolymers, 9, 141–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsvetkov, V. N., Eskin, V. E., and Frenkel, S. Ya. (1971). Structure of Macromolecules in Solution (translated from Russian), Volume 1, Chapter 7. Boston, UK: National Lending Library for Science and Technology.Google Scholar
Callis, P. R., and Davidson, N. (1969). Hydrodynamic relaxation times of DNA from decay of flow dichroism measurements. Biopolymers, 8, 379–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cairney, K. L., and Harrington, R. E. (1982). Flow birefringence of T7 Phage DNA: dependence on salt concentration. Biopolymers, 21, 923–924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schrag, J. L., Guess, J. F., and Thurston, G. B. (1965). Shear-wave interference observed by optical birefringence induced in a viscoelastic liquid. J. Appl. Phys., 36, 1996–2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, S. R., and Thurston, G. B. (1976). The optical birefringence of DNA solutions induced by oscillatory electric and hydrodynamic fields. Biopolymers, 15, 1555–1572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, D. E., Babcock, H. P., and Chu, S. (1999). Single-polymer dynamics in steady shear flow. Science, 283, 1724–1727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gennes, P. G. (1997). Molecular individualism. Science, 276, 1999–1992.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheraga, H. A., Edsall, J. T., and Gadd, J. O. (1951). Double refraction of flow: numerical evaluation of extinction angle and birefringence as a function of velocity gradient. J. Chem. Phys. 19, 1101–1108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrington, R. E. (1970). Measurement of flow birefringence at very low velocity gradients. Biopolymers, 9, 141–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsvetkov, V. N., Eskin, V. E., and Frenkel, S. Ya. (1971). Structure of Macromolecules in Solution (translated from Russian), Volume 1, Chapter 7. Boston, UK: National Lending Library for Science and Technology.Google Scholar
Callis, P. R., and Davidson, N. (1969). Hydrodynamic relaxation times of DNA from decay of flow dichroism measurements. Biopolymers, 8, 379–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cairney, K. L., and Harrington, R. E. (1982). Flow birefringence of T7 Phage DNA: dependence on salt concentration. Biopolymers, 21, 923–924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schrag, J. L., Guess, J. F., and Thurston, G. B. (1965). Shear-wave interference observed by optical birefringence induced in a viscoelastic liquid. J. Appl. Phys., 36, 1996–2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, S. R., and Thurston, G. B. (1976). The optical birefringence of DNA solutions induced by oscillatory electric and hydrodynamic fields. Biopolymers, 15, 1555–1572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, D. E., Babcock, H. P., and Chu, S. (1999). Single-polymer dynamics in steady shear flow. Science, 283, 1724–1727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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