9 - Magnetic resonance

Summary

Resonance arises when the energy levels of a quantized system of electronic or nuclear moments are Zeeman split by a uniform magnetic field and the system absorbs energy from an oscillating magnetic field at sharply defined frequencies, which correspond to transitions between the levels. Classically, resonance occurs when a transverse AC field is applied at the Larmor frequency. Resonance methods are valuable for investigating the structure and magnetic properties of solids, and they are used for imaging and other applications. The resonant moment may be an isolated ionic spin or free radical, as in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), or a nuclear spin as in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Otherwise it can be the ordered magnetization as in ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). Resonant effects are also associated with spin waves, and domain walls. The related techniques of Mössbauer spectroscopy and muon spin resonance provide further information on hyperfine interactions in solids.

A magnetic system placed in a uniform magnetic field B₀ may absorb electromagnetic radiation at a precisely defined frequency ν₀ = ω₀/2π which falls in the radio-frequency or microwave range. The phenomenon is related to the Larmor precession of the magnetic moment, introduced in §3.2.2. In order to observe the resonance, an experimental geometry with crossed magnetic fields is needed. The steady uniform field defines the z-direction, while a high-frequency AC field b_x = 2b₁ cos ωt is applied in the perpendicular plane.