Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T18:08:45.387Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - Testing Language Aptitude for Recently Arrived Parent–Child Immigrant Dyads

from Part II - Aptitude Testing of Diverse Groups

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 May 2023

Zhisheng (Edward) Wen
Affiliation:
Hong Kong Shue Yan University
Peter Skehan
Affiliation:
Institute of Education, University of London
Richard L. Sparks
Affiliation:
Mount St Joseph University
Get access

Summary

The LLAMA tests have been widely used in aptitude research since their development in the early 2000s, but almost exclusively with (highly) educated adults (college students or immigrants with a college degree). Following the idea that research in the humanities suffers from an over-representation of Western undergraduates that may bias some of its results, we discuss the difference in the scores on the LLAMA tests obtained by the participants of a recent study on new immigrants when compared to the scores of a number of former studies on other populations. We also discuss the predictive effect of these aptitude measures on the development of proficiency in the majority language by the same participants and argue for more research with under-served populations.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrahamsson, N., & Hyltenstam, K. (2008). The robustness of aptitude effects in near-native second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 30(4), 481509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrahamsson, N., & Hyltenstam, K. (2009). Age of onset and nativelikeness in a second language: Listener perception versus linguistic scrutiny. Language Learning, 59(2), 249306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Artieda, G., & Muñoz, C. (2016). The LLAMA tests and the underlying structure of language aptitude at two levels of foreign language proficiency. Learning and Individual Differences, 50, 4248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asher, J. J. (1977). Defense language aptitude battery. JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.2307/325703Google Scholar
Bates, D., Maechler, M., & Bolker, B. (2012). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes. R package version 0.999999-0Google Scholar
Benson, S., & DeKeyser, R. (2019). Effects of written corrective feedback and language aptitude on verb tense accuracy. Language Teaching Research, 23(6), 702726.Google Scholar
Bigelow, M., & Tarone, E. (2004). The role of literacy level in second language acquisition: Doesn’t who we study determine what we know? TESOL Quarterly, 38(4), 689700.Google Scholar
Bokander, L., & Bylund, E. (2020). Probing the internal validity of the LLAMA language aptitude tests. Language Learning, 70(1), 1147.Google Scholar
Carroll, J. B. (1964). The prediction of success in intensive foreign language training. http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED038051Google Scholar
Carroll, J. B. (1973). Implications of aptitude test research and psycholinguistic theory for foreign-language teaching. Linguistics, 11(112), 514.Google Scholar
Carroll, J. B. (1981). Twenty-five years of research on foreign language aptitude. In Diller, K. C. (ed.), Individual Differences and Universals in Language Learning Aptitude. Rowley, MA: Newbury House, pp. 83118.Google Scholar
Chaffee, K. E., Lou, N. M., & Noels, K. A. (2020). Does stereotype threat affect men in language domains? Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1302. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01302Google Scholar
Chaffee, K. E., Lou, N. M., Noels, K. A., & Katz, J. W. (2020). Why don’t “real men” learn languages? Masculinity threat and gender ideology suppress men’s language learning motivation. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23(2), 301318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiner, M., Rüdegger, S., & Reiterer, S. M. (2018). Sing Chinese and tap Tagalog? Predicting individual differences in musical and phonetic aptitude using language families differing by sound-typology. International Journal of Multilingualism, 15(4), 455471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, J. G., Lynch, J. M., Mendes, N., & Zhai, C. (2019). On bilingual aptitude for learning new languages: The roles of linguistic and nonlinguistic individual differences. Language Learning, 69(2), 478514.Google Scholar
Curcic, M., Andringa, S., & Kuiken, F. (2019). The role of awareness and cognitive aptitudes in L2 predictive language processing. Language Learning, 69, 4271.Google Scholar
DeKeyser, R. (2000). The robustness of critical period effects in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22(4), 499533. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263100004022Google Scholar
DeKeyser, R. (2012). Age effects in second language learning. In Gass, S. M. & Mackey, A. (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition. Routledge, pp. 442460.Google Scholar
DeKeyser, R. (2019). The future of language aptitude research. In Wen, Z., Skehan, P., Biedroń, A., Li, S., & Sparks, R. L. (eds.), Language Aptitude: Advancing Theory, Testing, Research and Practice. Routledge, pp. 317329.Google Scholar
DeKeyser, R., Alfi-Shabtay, I., & Ravid, D. (2010). Cross-linguistic evidence for the nature of age effects in second language acquisition. Applied Psycholinguistics, 31(3), 413438. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716410000056CrossRefGoogle Scholar
del Mar Suárez, M., & Gesa, F. (2019). Learning vocabulary with the support of sustained exposure to captioned video: Do proficiency and aptitude make a difference? The Language Learning Journal, 47(4), 497517. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2019.1617768CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delage, H., & Franck, J. (2021). Diagnostic de troubles du langage chez l’enfant réfugié: Challenges actuels. Babylonia Journal of Language Education, 2, 4451.Google Scholar
Dörnyei, Z., & Skehan, P. (2003). Individual differences in second language learning. In Doughty, C. J. and Long, M. H. (Eds.), The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition. Blackwell, pp. 589630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drozdova, P., Van Hout, R., & Scharenborg, O. (2017). L2 voice recognition: The role of speaker-, listener-, and stimulus-related factors. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 142(5), 30583068.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Escobar, G. P., Kalashnikova, M., & Escudero, P. (2018). Vocabulary matters! The relationship between verbal fluency and measures of inhibitory control in monolingual and bilingual children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 170, 177189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granena, G. (2012). Age differences and cognitive aptitudes for implicit and explicit learning in ultimate second language attainment. PhD thesis, University of Maryland, College Park.Google Scholar
Granena, G. (2014). Language aptitude and long-term achievement in early childhood L2 learners. Applied Linguistics, 35(4), 483503. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amu013Google Scholar
Granena, G. (2016). Cognitive aptitudes for implicit and explicit learning and information-processing styles: An individual differences study. Applied Psycholinguistics, 37(3), 577600.Google Scholar
Granena, G. (2019). Cognitive aptitudes and L2 speaking proficiency: Links between LLAMA and Hi-LAB. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 41(2), 313336.Google Scholar
Granena, G., & Long, M. H. (2013). Age of onset, length of residence, language aptitude, and ultimate L2 attainment in three linguistic domains. Second Language Research, 29(3), 311343.Google Scholar
Granena, G., & Yilmaz, Y. (2018). Aptitude-treatment interaction in L2 learning: A research synthesis. Studies in English Education, 4, 803830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamrick, P. (2015). Declarative and procedural memory abilities as individual differences in incidental language learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 44, 915.Google Scholar
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010a). Most people are not WEIRD. Nature, 466(7302), 2929.Google Scholar
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010b). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 6183.Google Scholar
Huang, T., Loerts, H., & Steinkrauss, R. (2020). The impact of second- and third-language learning on language aptitude and working memory. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 25(2), 117.Google Scholar
Ishikawa, M. (2019). Written languaging, learners’ aptitude and second language learning. PhD thesis, University College London.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. O. (2014). Learner differences in metalinguistic awareness: Exploring the influence of cognitive abilities and language experience. In Miller, R. T., Martin, K. I., Eddington, C. M. et al. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 2012 Second Language Research Forum: Building Bridges between Disciplines, October 18–21, 2012, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, pp. 211–226. www.lingref.com/cpp/slrf/2012/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kachinske, I. (2016). The role of rules, examples and individual differences in the acquisition of declarative and procedural second language knowledge. PhD thesis, University of Maryland, College Park.Google Scholar
Kourtali, N.-E. (2018). The effects of task complexity, mode of interaction and L2 aptitude on the development of the present third person singular through recasts. PhD thesis, University College London.Google Scholar
Kourtali, N.-E., & Révész, A. (2020). The roles of recasts, task complexity, and aptitude in child second language development. Language Learning, 70(1), 179218.Google Scholar
Lambelet, A. (2021). Lexical diversity development in newly arrived parent–child immigrant pairs: Aptitude, age, exposure, and anxiety. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190521000039Google Scholar
Lambelet, A., & Berthele, R. (2019). Difficulty and ease in foreign language learning at the primary school level: General learning ability, language aptitude or working memory. In Wen, Z., Skehan, P., Biedroń, A., Li, S., & Sparks, R. L. (eds.), Language Aptitude: Advancing Theory, Testing, Research and Practice. Routledge, pp. 99122.Google Scholar
Lambelet, A., Berthele, R., & Udry, I. (2019). Les aptitudes langagières: Construit et opérationnalisation: Une revue de la littérature. Institut de plurilinguisme.Google Scholar
Larson-Hall, J., & Dewey, D. (2012). An examination of the effects of input, aptitude, and motivation on the language proficiency of missionaries learning Japanese as a second language. Second Language Acquisition Abroad: The LDS Missionary Experience, 45, 5188.Google Scholar
Linck, J. A., Hughes, M. M., Campbell, S. G., et al. (2013). Hi-LAB: A new measure of aptitude for high-level language proficiency. Language Learning, 63(3), 530566.Google Scholar
Ma, D., Yao, T., & Zhang, H. (2018). The effect of third language learning on language aptitude among English-major students in China. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 39(7), 590601.Google Scholar
Meara, P. (2005). LLAMA Language Aptitude Tests: The Manual. University of Wales, Swansea. www.lognostics.co.uk/tools/llama/llama_manual.pdfGoogle Scholar
Medin, D., Ojalehto, B., Marin, A., Bang, M. (2017) Systems of (non)diversity. Nature Human Behaviour 1, Article 0088. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0088CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Métraux, J.-C. (2017). L’impact du vécu des réfugiés sur leur apprentissage de la langue d’accueil. Babylonia, 1, 1922.Google Scholar
Michaud, G. (2020). À quel moment enseigner la forme dans le cadre d’un enseignement basé sur la tâche? PhD thesis, Université de Montréal.Google Scholar
Moon, J. (2012). Maturational and non-maturational factors in heritage language acquisition. PhD thesis, University of Maryland, College Park.Google Scholar
Moorman, C. M. (2017). Individual differences and linguistic factors in the development of mid vowels in L2 Spanish learners: A longitudinal study. PhD thesis, Georgetown University.Google Scholar
Okumura, Y., & Okumura, M. Y. (2012). Package ‘rpsychi.’ R package. Published online: http://www2.uaem.mx/r-mirror/web/packages/rpsychi/rpsychi.pdfGoogle Scholar
Parry, T. S., & Child, J. R. (1990). Preliminary investigation of the relationship between VORD, MLAT and language proficiency. Spons Agency, 30–66.Google Scholar
Petersen, C. R., & Al-Haik, A. R. (1976). The development of the defense language aptitude battery (DLAB). Educational and Psychological Measurement, 36(2), 369380.Google Scholar
Portocarrero, J. S., Burright, R. G., & Donovick, P. J. (2007). Vocabulary and verbal fluency of bilingual and monolingual college students. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(3), 415422.Google Scholar
Rodríguez Silva, L. H. (2017). The role of cognitive individual differences and learning difficulty in instructed adults’ explicit and implicit knowledge of selected L2 grammar points: A study with Mexican learners of English. PhD thesis, University of Essex.Google Scholar
Rogers, V., Meara, P., Barnett-Legh, T., Curry, C., & Davie, E. (2017). Examining the LLAMA aptitude tests. Journal of the European Second Language Association, 1(1), 4960. www.euroslajournal.org/articles/10.22599/jesla.24/Google Scholar
Rosselli, M., Ardila, A., Salvatierra, J., et al. (2002). A cross-linguistic comparison of verbal fluency tests. International Journal of Neuroscience, 112(6), 759776.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rüdegger, S. (2017). Language aptitude in primary school children and its effects on other cognitive domains. Master’s thesis, University of Vienna.Google Scholar
Saito, K. (2017). Effects of sound, vocabulary, and grammar learning aptitude on adult second language speech attainment in foreign language classrooms. Language Learning, 67(3), 665693.Google Scholar
Saito, K. (2019). The role of aptitude in second language segmental learning: The case of Japanese learners’ English/ɹ/pronunciation attainment in classroom settings. Applied Psycholinguistics, 40(1), 183204.Google Scholar
Saito, K., Sun, H., & Tierney, A. (2018). Explicit and implicit aptitude effects on second language speech learning: Scrutinizing segmental and suprasegmental sensitivity and performance via behavioural and neurophysiological measures. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22(5), 118.Google Scholar
Segall, M. H., Campbell, D. T., & Herskovits, M. J. (1966). The Influence of Culture on Visual Perception. Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage. IRAL-International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 10(1–4), 209232.Google Scholar
Søndergaard, H.-P. (2017). Language learning in refugees, an account of a Swedish study. Babylonia, 1, 1518.Google Scholar
Tran, M. N. (2019). Scrutinizing the effects of the 4/3/2 activity: Repetition, increasing time pressure, accuracy enhancement and cognitive individual differences. PhD thesis, Birkbeck, University of London.Google Scholar
Turker, S., Seither-Preisler, A., Reiterer, S. M., & Schneider, P. (2019). Cognitive and behavioural weaknesses in children with reading disorder and AD (H) D. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 111.Google Scholar
UN DESA. (2019, September 17). The number of international migrants reaches 272 million, continuing an upward trend in all world regions, says UN. www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/international-migrant-stock-2019.htmlGoogle Scholar
Yalçın, Ş., Çeçen, S., & Erçetin, G. (2016). The relationship between aptitude and working memory: An instructed SLA context. Language Awareness, 25(1–2), 144158. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2015.1122026Google Scholar
Yalçın, Ş., & Spada, N. (2016). Language aptitude and grammatical difficulty: An EFL classroom-based study. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 38(2), 239263.Google Scholar
Yilmaz, Y. (2013). Relative effects of explicit and implicit feedback: The role of working memory capacity and language analytic ability. Applied Linguistics, 34(3), 344368.Google Scholar
Yilmaz, Y., & Granena, G. (2016). The role of cognitive aptitudes for explicit language learning in the relative effects of explicit and implicit feedback. Bilingualism, 19(1), 147.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×