Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T16:16:47.414Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part II - Migration, Intellectual Property, Diasporas, Knowledge Flows, and Innovation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 June 2017

Carsten Fink
Affiliation:
World Intellectual Property Organization
Ernest Miguelez
Affiliation:
GREThA UMR CNRS 5113, Université de Bordeaux
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
The International Mobility of Talent and Innovation
New Evidence and Policy Implications
, pp. 191 - 293
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Agrawal, A., Kapur, D., McHale, J., and Oettl, A. (2011), “Brain drain or brain bank? The impact of skilled emigration on poor-country innovation,” Journal of Urban Economics, 69(1): 4355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, S., Platzer, M. D., and National Venture Capital Association (2006), American Made: The Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Professionals on US Competitiveness, Washington, DC, National Venture Capital Association.Google Scholar
Aubry, A., Kugler, M., and Rapoport, H. (2012), “Migration, FDI and the margins of trade,” available at http://econ.biu.ac.il/files/economics/seminars/amandine_aubry.pdf (accessed Febraury 24, 2017).Google Scholar
Borjas, G. J. (2001), “Does immigration grease the wheels of the labor market,” Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, available at www.brookings.edu/about/projects/bpea/papers/2001/labor-market-immigration-borjas (accessed June 17, 2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borjas, G. J. (2003), “The labor demand curve is downward sloping: reexamining the impact of immigration on the labor market,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4): 1335–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borjas, G. J. (2004), “Do foreign students crowd out native students from graduate programs?,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borjas, G. J. (2006), “Immigration in high-skill labor markets: the impact of foreign students on the earnings of doctorates,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borjas, G. J., and Doran, K. B. (2012), “The collapse of the Soviet Union and the productivity of American mathematicians,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127(3): 1143–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borjas, G. J., and Doran, K. B. (2015), “Cognitive mobility: labor market responses to supply shocks in the space of ideas,” Journal of Labor Economics, 33(S1): S109–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borjas, G. J., Grogger, J., and Hanson, G. H. (2012), “Comment: on estimating elasticities of substation,” Journal of the European Economic Association, 10(1): 198210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosetti, V., Cattaneo, C., and Verdolini, E. (2015), “Migration of skilled workers and innovation: a European perspective,” Journal of International Economics, 96(2): 311–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bound, J., Braga, B., Golden, J. M., and Khanna, G. (2015), “Recruitment of foreigners in the market for computer scientists in the United States,” Journal of Labor Economics, 33(S1): S187223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Card, D. (2001), “Immigrant inflows, native outflows, and the local labor market impacts of higher immigration,” Journal of Labor Economics, 19(1): 2264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chellaraj, G., Maskus, K. E., and Mattoo, A. (2008), “The contribution of international graduate students to US innovation,” Review of International Economics, 16(3): 444–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clemens, M. A. (2011), “Economics and emigration: trillion-dollar bills on the sidewalk?,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(3): 83106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clemens, M. A. (2013), “Why do programmers earn more in Houston than Hyderabad? Evidence from randomized processing of US visas,” American Economic Review, 103(3): 198202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Docquier, F., and Rapoport, H. (2012), “Globalization, brain drain, and development,” Journal of Economic Literature, 50(3): 681730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dustmann, C. (1996), “Return migration: the European experience,” Economic Policy, 11(22) 213–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dustmann, C., Glitz, A., and Frattini, T. (2008), “The labour market impact of immigration,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 24(3): 477–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebenstein, A., Harrison, A., McMillan, M., and Phillips, S. (2013), “Why are American workers getting poorer? Estimating the impact of trade and offshoring using the CPS,” NBER Working Paper No. 15107, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Fairlie, R. W. (2008), “Estimating the contribution of immigrant business owners to the US economy: small business research summary,” Office of Advocacy, US Small Business Administration, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Foley, C. F., and Kerr, W. R. (2013), “Ethnic innovation and U.S. multinational firm activity,” Management Science, 59(7): 1529–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, R. B. (1971), The Market for College Trained Manpower: A Study in the Economics of Career Choice, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, R. B. (2006), “People flows in globalization,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(2): 145–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedberg, R. M. (2001), “The impact of mass migration on the Israeli labor market,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(4): 1373–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaulé, P., and Piacentini, M. (2013), “Chinese graduate students and U.S. scientific productivity,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 95(2): 698701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghani, E., Kerr, W. R., and Stanton, C. (2014), “Diasporas and outsourcing: evidence from oDesk and India,” Management Science, 60(7): 1677–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grogger, J., and Hanson, G. (2013), “The scale and selectivity of foreign-born PhD recipients in the US,” American Economic Review, 103(3): 189–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurmu, S., Black, G. C., and Stephan, P. E. (2010), “The knowledge production function for university patenting,” Economic Inquiry, 48(1): 192213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, B. H., Jaffe, A. B., and Trajtenberg, M. (2001), The NBER Patent Citation Data File: Lessons, Insights and Methodological Tools, Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatzigeorgiou, A., and Lodefalk, M. (2011), “Trade and migration: firm-level evidence,” Working Paper No. 2011:39, Lund University, Department of Economics, Lund, Sweden, available at https://ideas.repec.org/p/hhs/lunewp/2011_039.html (accessed July 15, 2016).Google Scholar
Hira, R. (2010), The H-1B and L-1 Visa Programs: Out of Control, Washington, DC, Economic Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Hovhannisyan, N., and Keller, W. (2015), “International business travel: an engine of innovation?,” Journal of Economic Growth, 20(1): 75104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, J. (2011), “Which immigrants are most innovative and entrepreneurial? Distinctions by entry visa,” Journal of Labor Economics, 29(3): 417–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, J. (2013), “Are Immigrants the Best and Brightest U.S. Engineers?,” NBER Working Paper No. 18696, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, available at http://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/18696.html (accessed June 3, 2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, J., and Gauthier-Loiselle, M. (2010), “How much does immigration boost innovation?,” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2 (2): 3156.Google Scholar
Hunter, R. S., Oswald, A. J., and Charlton, B. G. (2009), “The elite brain drain,” Economic Journal, 119(538): F231–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahn, S., and MacGarvie, M. J. (2014), “How important is U.S. location for research in science?,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(2): 397414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, W. (2004), “International technology diffusion,” Journal of Economic Literature, 42(3): 752–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, S. P., and Kerr, W. R. (2013), “Immigration and employer transitions for STEM workers,” American Economic Review, 103(3): 193–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, S. P., Kerr, W. R., and Lincoln, W. F. (2015), “Skilled immigration and the employment structures of US firms,” Journal of Labor Economics, 33(S1): S147–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, W. R. (2007), “The ethnic composition of US inventors,” Harvard Business School Working Paper No. 8–6, Harvard Business School, Cambridge, MA, available at http://ideas.repec.org/p/hbs/wpaper/08–006.html (accessed September 2, 2013).Google Scholar
Kerr, W. R. (2008), “Ethnic scientific communities and international technology diffusion,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(3): 518–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, W. R. (2010a), The Agglomeration of U.S. Ethnic Inventors, Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, pp. 237–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, W. R. (2010b), “Breakthrough inventions and migrating clusters of innovation,” Journal of Urban Economics, 67(1): 4660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, W. R., and Lincoln, W. F. (2010), “The supply side of innovation: H‐1B visa reforms and U.S. ethnic invention,” Journal of Labor Economics, 28(3): 473508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, W. R., Lincoln, W. F., and Mishra, P. (2014), “The dynamics of firm lobbying,” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 6(4): 343–79.Google Scholar
Kim, J., and Park, J. (2013), “Foreign direct investment and country-specific human capital,” Economic Inquiry, 51(1): 198210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kugler, M., and Rapoport, H. (2007), “International labor and capital flows: complements or substitutes?,” Economics Letters, 94(2): 155–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuptsch, C., and Pang, E. F. (2006), Competing for Global Talent, available at www.ilo.org/global/publications/ilo-bookstore/order-online/books/WCMS_PUBL_9290147768_EN/lang-en/index.htm (accessed June 16, 2016).Google Scholar
Lewis, E. (2013), “Immigration and production technology,” Annual Review of Economics, 5(1): 165–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lofstrom, M., and Hayes, J. (2011), “H-1Bs: how do they stack up to US born workers?,” IZA Working Paper 6259, Bonn, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowell, B., and Salzman, H. (2007), Into the Eye of the Storm: Assessing the Evidence on Science and Engineering Education, Quality, and Workforce Demand, Washington, DC, Urban Institute.Google Scholar
Matloff, N. (2003), “On the need for reform of the H-1B nonimmigrant work visa in computer-related occupations,” University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 36(4): 815914.Google Scholar
Mithas, S., and Lucas Jr, H. C. (2010), “Are foreign IT workers cheaper? US visa policies and compensation of information technology professionals,” Management Science, 56(5): 745–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, P., Voena, A., and Waldinger, F. (2014), “German Jewish emigrés and US invention,” American Economic Review, 104(10): 3222–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nanda, R., and Khanna, T. (2010), “Diasporas and domestic entrepreneurs: evidence from the Indian software industry,” Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 19(4): 9911012.Google Scholar
Nathan, M. (2015), “Same difference? Minority ethnic inventors, diversity and innovation in the UK,” Journal of Economic Geography, 15(1): 129–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oettl, A., and Agrawal, A. (2008), “International labor mobility and knowledge flow externalities,” Journal of International Business Studies, 39(8): 1242–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orrenius, P. M., and Zavodny, M. (2015), “Does immigration affect whether US natives major in science and engineering?,” Journal of Labor Economics, 33(S1): S79108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ottaviano, G. I., Peri, G., and Wright, G. C. (2013), “Immigration, offshoring, and American jobs,” American Economic Review, 103(5): 1925–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ottaviano, G. I. P., and Peri, G. (2012), “Rethinking the effect of immigration on wages,” Journal of the European Economic Association, 10(1): 152–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozgen, C., Nijkamp, P., and Poot, J. (2011), “Immigration and innovation in European regions,” Discussion Paper No. 5676, Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit, available at www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/51721 (accessed September 2, 2013).Google Scholar
Parrotta, P., Pozzoli, D., and Pytlikova, M. (2014), “The nexus between labor diversity and firm’s innovation,” Journal of Population Economics, 27(2): 303–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peri, G. (2009), “The determinants and effects of highly-skilled labor movements: evidence from OECD countries 1980–2005,” CEPR Report, Center for Economic and Policy Research, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Peri, G., Shih, K., and Sparber, C. (2015), “STEM workers, H-1B visas, and productivity in US cities,” Journal of Labor Economics, 33(S1): S225–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peri, G., and Sparber, C. (2011), “Highly educated immigrants and native occupational choice,” Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 50(3): 385411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rauch, J. E. (2001), “Business and social networks in international trade,” Journal of Economic Literature, 39(4): 1177–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rauch, J. E., and Trindade, V. (2002), “Ethnic Chinese networks in international trade,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(1): 116–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiz, N., Wilson, J., and Choudhury, S. (2012), “Geography of H-1B workers: demand for high-skilled foreign labor in US metropolitan areas,” Brookings Report, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Ryoo, J., and Rosen, S. (2004), “The engineering labor market,” Journal of Political Economy, 112(S1): S110–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saxenian, A. (1999), “Silicon Valley’s new immigrant entrepreneurs,” Public Policy Institute of California, available at www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=102 (accessed February 24, 2017).Google Scholar
Saxenian, A. (2006), The New Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Saxenian, A., Motoyama, Y., and Quan, X. (2002), Local and Global Networks of Immigrant Professionals in Silicon Valley, San Francisco, Public Policy Institute of California.Google Scholar
Stephan, P., and Levin, S. (2001), “Exceptional contributions to US science by the foreign-born and foreign-educated,” Population Research and Policy Review, 20(1–2): 5979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephan, P. E. (2010), “The ‘I’s’ have it: immigration and innovation, the perspective from academe,” in Innovation Policy and the Economy, Vol. 10, University of Chicago Press, pp. 83127.Google Scholar
Stern, S. (2004), “Do scientists pay to be scientists?,” Management Science, 50(6): 835–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuen, E. T., Mobarak, A. M., and Maskus, K. E. (2012), “Skilled immigration and innovation: evidence from enrolment fluctuations in US doctoral programs,” Economic Journal, 122(565): 1143–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wadhwa, V., Jasso, G., Rissing, B. A., Gereffi, G., and Freeman, R. B. (2007a), “Intellectual property, the immigration backlog, and a reverse brain-Drain: America’s new immigrant entrepreneurs,” Part III, SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 1008366, Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY, available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=1008366 (accessed September 10, 2013).Google Scholar
Wadhwa, V., Saxenian, A., Rissing, B. A., and Gereffi, G. (2007b), America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs,” Part I, SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 990152, Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY, available at http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=990152 (accessed September 12, 2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wadhwa, V., Saxenian, A. S., Freeman, R. B., and Gereffi, G. (2009), “America’s loss is the world’s gain: America’s new immigrant entrepreneurs,” Part IV, SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 1348616, Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY, available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=1348616 (accessed February 24, 2017).Google Scholar
Wasmer, E., Fredriksson, P., Lamo, A., Messina, J., and Peri, G. (2007), “The macroeconomics of education,” in Education and Training in Europe, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weinberg, B. A. (2011), “Developing science: scientific performance and brain drains in the developing world,” Journal of Development Economics, 95(1): 95104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Agrawal, A. (2006), “Engaging the inventor: exploring licensing strategies for university inventions and the role of latent knowledge,” Strategic Management Journal, 27(1): 6379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agrawal, A., Cockburn, I., and McHale, J. (2006), “Gone but not forgotten: knowledge flows, labor mobility, and enduring social relationships,” Journal of Economic Geography, 6(5): 571–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agrawal, A., Kapur, D., and McHale, J. (2008), “How do spatial and social proximity influence knowledge flows? Evidence from patent data,” Journal of Urban Economics, 64(2): 258–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agrawal, A., Kapur, D., McHale, J., and Oettl, A. (2011), “Brain drain or brain bank? The impact of skilled emigration on poor-country innovation,” Journal of Urban Economics, 69(1): 4355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boeri, T., Brücker, H., and Docquier, F. (2012), Brain Drain and Brain Gain: The Global Competition to Attract High-Skilled Migrants, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breschi, S., and Lissoni, F. (2001), “Knowledge spillovers and local innovation systems: a critical survey,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(4): 9751005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breschi, S., and Lissoni, F. (2009), “Mobility of skilled workers and co-invention networks: an anatomy of localized knowledge flows,” Journal of Economic Geography, 9(4): 439–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Combes, P.-P., and Duranton, G. (2006), “Labour pooling, labour poaching, and spatial clustering,” Regional Science and Urban Economics, 36(1): 128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Docquier, F., and Marfouk, A. (2006), “International migration by education attainment (1990–2000),” in Özden, Ç. and Schiff, M. (eds.), International Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain, London, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 151–99.Google Scholar
Docquier, F., and Rapoport, H. (2012), “Globalization, brain drain, and development,” Journal of Economic Literature, 50(3): 681730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gans, J. S., Hsu, D. H., and Stern, S. (2008), “The impact of uncertain intellectual property rights on the market for ideas: evidence from patent grant delays,” Management Science, 54(5): 982–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gans, J. S., and Stern, S. (2003), “The product market and the market for ‘ideas’: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs,” Research Policy, 32(2): 333–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaspar, J., and Glaeser, E. L. (1998), “Information technology and the future of cities,” Journal of Urban Economics, 43(1): 136–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerlach, H., Rønde, T., and Stahl, K. (2009), “Labor pooling in R&D intensive industries,” Journal of Urban Economics, 65(1): 99111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griliches, Z. (1958), “Research costs and social returns: hybrid corn and related innovations,” Journal of Political Economy, 66(5): 419–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffe, A. B., Trajtenberg, M., and Henderson, R. (1993), “Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3): 577–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, B. F. (2008), “The knowledge trap: human capital and development reconsidered,” Working Paper No. 14138, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, available at www.nber.org/papers/w14138 (accessed August 18, 2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahn, S., and MacGarvie, M. J. (2014), “How important Is U.S. location for research in science?,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(2): 397414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, W. R. (2008), “Ethnic scientific communities and international technology diffusion,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(3): 518–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, W. R. (2010), The Agglomeration of U.S. Ethnic Inventors, Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, pp. 237–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, F., and Stern, S. (2007), “Do formal intellectual property rights hinder the free flow of scientific knowledge? An empirical test of the anti-commons hypothesis,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 63(4): 648–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nanda, R., and Khanna, T. (2010), “Diasporas and domestic entrepreneurs: evidence from the Indian software industry,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 19(4): 9911012.Google Scholar
Saxenian, A. (2006), The New Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Teece, D. J. (1986), “Profiting from technological innovation: implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy,” Research Policy, 15(6): 285305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, P., and Fox-Kean, M. (2005), “Patent citations and the geography of knowledge spillovers: a reassessment,” American Economic Review, 95(1): 450–60.Google Scholar
Trajtenberg, M. (1990), “A penny for your quotes: patent citations and the value of innovations,” RAND Journal of Economics, 21(1): 172–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, H. L. (2013), “Intellectual property rights and innovation: evidence from the human genome,” Journal of Political Economy, 121(1): 127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Agrawal, A., Kapur, D., McHale, J., and Oettl, A. (2011), “Brain drain or brain bank? The impact of skilled emigration on poor-country innovation,” Journal of Urban Economics, 69(1): 4355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beine, M., Docquier, F., and Rapoport, H. (2001), “Brain drain and economic growth: theory and evidence,” Journal of Development Economics, 64(1): 275–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beine, M., Docquier, F., and Rapoport, H. (2008), “Brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries: winners and losers,” Economic Journal, 118(528): 631–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beine, M., and Sekkat, K. (2013), “Skilled migration and the transfer of institutional norms,” IZA Journal of Migration, 2(1): 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, R. A., and Soligo, R. (1969), “Some welfare aspects of international migration,” Journal of Political Economy, 77(5): 778–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhagwati, J., and Hamada, K. (1974), “The brain drain, international integration of markets for professionals and unemployment : a theoretical analysis,” Journal of Development Economics, 1(1): 1942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosetti, V., Cattaneo, C., and Verdolini, E. (2015), “Migration of skilled workers and innovation: a European perspective,” Journal of International Economics, 96(2): 311–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braga, C. A. P., Fink, C., and Sepulveda, C. P. (2000), Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Development, Vol. 412, Washington, DC, World Bank Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branstetter, L. G., Fisman, R., and Foley, C. F. (2006), “Do stronger intellectual property rights increase international technology transfer? Empirical evidence from U.S. firm-level panel data,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(1): 321–49.Google Scholar
Chen, Y., and Puttitanun, T. (2005), “Intellectual property rights and innovation in developing countries,” Journal of Development Economics, 78(2): 474–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comune, M., Naghavi, A., and Prarolo, G. (2011), “Intellectual property rights and south-north formation of global innovation networks,” Working Paper 2011.59, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diwan, I., and Rodrik, D. (1991), “Patents, appropriate technology, and north-south trade,” Journal of International Economics, 30(1): 2747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Docquier, F., Lodigiani, E., Rapoport, H., and Schiff, M. (2016), “Emigration and democracy,” Journal of Development Economics, 120: 209–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dustmann, C., Fadlon, I., and Weiss, Y. (2011), “Return migration, human capital accumulation and the brain drain,” Journal of Development Economics, 95(1): 5867.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, B. (2014), “Does patent protection help or hinder technology transfer?,” in Ahn, S., Hall, B. H. and Lee, K. (eds.), Intellectual Property for Economic Development, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, pp. 1132.Google Scholar
Helpman, E. (1993), “Innovation, imitation, and intellectual property rights,” Econometrica, 61(6): 1247–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschman, A. (1970), Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Response to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hollenbeck, J. R., and Klein, H. J. (1987), “Goal commitment and the goal-setting process: problems, prospects, and proposals for future research,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(2): 212–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Javorcik, B. S. (2004), “The composition of foreign direct investment and protection of intellectual property rights: evidence from transition economies,” European Economic Review, 48(1): 3962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., and Zoido, P. (1999), “Governance matters,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2196, World Bank, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Kerr, W. R. (2008), “Ethnic scientific communities and international technology diffusion,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(3): 518–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai, E. L.-C. (1998), “International intellectual property rights protection and the rate of product innovation,” Journal of Development Economics, 55(1): 133–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mariani, F. (2007), “Migration as an antidote to rent-seeking?,” Journal of Development Economics, 84(2): 609–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maskus, K. E. (2000), Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Economy, Washington, DC, Peterson Institute.Google Scholar
Maskus, K. E., and Penubarti, M. (1995), “How trade-related are intellectual property rights?,” Journal of International Economics, 39(3): 227–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, K., and Peri, G. (2009), “Brain drain and brain return: theory and application to Eastern-Western Europe,” B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 9(1), available at http://doi.org/10.2202/1935–1682.2271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAusland, C., and Kuhn, P. (2011), “Bidding for brains: intellectual property rights and the international migration of knowledge workers,” Journal of Development Economics, 95(1): 7787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miguelez, E. (2016), “Inventor diasporas and the internationalization of technology,” World Bank Economic Review, (in press), pp. 128. doi:10.1093/wber/lhw013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miguelez, E., and Moreno, R. (2015), “Knowledge flows and the absorptive capacity of regions,” Research Policy, 44(4): 833–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyagiwa, K. (1991), “Scale economies in education and the brain drain problem,” International Economic Review, 32(3): 743–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mondal, D., and Gupta, M. R. (2008), “Innovation, imitation and intellectual property rights: introducing migration in Helpman’s model,” Japan and the World Economy, 20(3): 369–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mountford, A. (1997), “Can a brain drain be good for growth in the source economy?,” Journal of Development Economics, 53(2): 287303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naghavi, A., Spies, J., and Toubal, F. (2015), “Intellectual property rights, product complexity and the organization of multinational firms,” Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne D’économique, 48(3): 881902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naghavi, A., and Strozzi, C. (2017), “Intellectual property rights and diaspora knowledge networks: Can patent protection generate brain gain from skilled migration?,” Canadian Journal of Economics (forthcoming), available at https://economics.ca/cje/en/forthcoming.php (accessed February 27, 2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naghavi, A., and Strozzi, C. (2015), “Intellectual property rights, diasporas, and domestic innovation,” Journal of International Economics, 96(1): 150–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Özden, Ç., and Schiff, M. (2006), International Migration, Remittances, and the Brain Drain, Washington, DC: World Bank and Palgrave Macmillan, available at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6929 (accessed August 25, 2016).Google Scholar
Palmer, J. R., and Pytlikova, M. (2015), “Labor market laws and intra-European migration: the role of the state in shaping destination choices,” European Journal of Population, 31(2): 127–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, W. G. (2008), “International patent protection: 1960–2005,” Research Policy, 37(4): 761–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, W. G., and Lippoldt, D. C. (2008), “Technology transfer and the economic implications of the strengthening of intellectual property rights in developing countries,” OECD Trade Policy Working Paper 62.Google Scholar
Pedersen, P. J., Pytlikova, M., and Smith, N. (2008), “Selection and network effects: migration flows into OECD countries 1990–2000,” European Economic Review, 52(7): 1160–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, B. (2009), “Rent‐seeking activities and the ‘brain gain’ effects of migration,” Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne D’économique, 42(4): 1561–77.Google Scholar
Saxenian, A. (1999), Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, Vol. 32, San Francisco, CA, Public Policy Institute of California.Google Scholar
Spilimbergo, A. (2009), “Democracy and foreign education,” American Economic Review, 99(1): 528–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, O., Helmenstein, C., and Prskawetz, A. (1997), “A brain gain with a brain drain,” Economics Letters, 55(2): 227–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Economist (2011), “The magic of diasporas,” The Economist, available at www.economist.com/node/21538742 (accessed August 25, 2016).Google Scholar
Yang, G., and Maskus, K. E. (2001), “Intellectual property rights, licensing, and innovation in an endogenous product-cycle model,” Journal of International Economics, 53(1): 169–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Brown, M. (2000), “Using the intellectual diaspora to reverse the brain drain: some useful examples,” paper presented at the UN ECA Regional Conference on Brain Drain and Capacity Building in Africa (2000, February 22–24, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Available at http://hdl.handle.net/10855/21489 (accessed February 27, 2017).Google Scholar
Brown, M. (2003), “The South African Network of Skills Abroad (SANSA): the South African experience of scientific diaspora networks,” in Barré, R., Hernandez, V., Meyer, J. B. M., and Vinck, D. (eds.), Scientific Diasporas: How Can Developing Countries Benefit from Their Expatriate Scientists and Engineers?, Paris, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement.Google Scholar
Capuano, S., and Marfouk, A. (2013), “African brain drain and its impact on source countries: what do we know and what do we need to know?,” Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 15(4): 297314.Google Scholar
Crush, J., Pendelton, W., and Tevera, D. S. (2005), Degrees of Uncertainty: Students and the Brain Drain in Southern Africa, Kingston, South Africa, (Idasa)/Queen’s University.Google Scholar
Dietz, T., Mazzucato, V., Kabki, M., and Smith, L. (2011), “Ghanaians in Amsterdam, their ‘good work back home’ and the importance of reciprocity,” Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective, 6(1): 7.Google Scholar
Docquier, F., and Marfouk, A. (2006), “International migration by education attainment (1990–2000),” in Özden, Ç. and Schiff, M. (eds.), International Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain, London, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 151–99.Google Scholar
Flahaux, M.-L., and De Haas, H. (2016), “African migration: trends, patterns, drivers,” Comparative Migration Studies, 4(1): 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginarte, J. C., and Park, W. G. (1997), “Determinants of patent rights: a cross-national study,” Research Policy, 26(3): 283301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, J. R., and Todaro, M. P. (1970), “Migration, unemployment and development: a two-sector analysis,” American Economic Review, 60(1): 126–42.Google Scholar
Kahn, M. (2004), Flight of the Flamingos: A Study on the Mobility of R&D Workers. A Project by the Human Sciences Research Council in Partnership with the CSIR for the National Advisory Council on Innovation, Cape Town, South Africa, HSRC Press.Google Scholar
Kerr, W. R. (2008), “Ethnic scientific communities and international technology diffusion,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(3): 518–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowell, B. L. (2003), “Skilled migration abroad or human capital flight?,” Migration Policy Institute, Washington, DC, available at www.Migrationinformation.Org/Feature/Display. Cfm.Google Scholar
Marks, J. (2006), “South Africa: evolving diaspora, promising initiatives,” in Kuznetsov, Y. (ed.), Diaspora Networks and the International Migration of Skills: How Countries Can Draw on Their Talent Abroad, Washington, DC, World Bank, pp. 171–86.Google Scholar
McDonald, D. A., and Crush, J. (2002), Destinations Unknown: Perspectives on the Brain Drain in Southern Africa, Pretoria, Africa Institute of South Africa.Google Scholar
Meyer, J.-B. (2003), “Policy implications of the brain drain’s changing face,” Science and Development Network, available at http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN022374.pdf (accessed February 27, 2017).Google Scholar
Mushonga, M. (2005), “NEPAD and brain drain in Southern Africa: challenges and opportunities,” in Lestech, J. B. (ed.), The New Partnerships for Africa’s Development: Debates, Opportunities and Challenges, Pretoria, Africa Institute of Southern Africa.Google Scholar
OAPI (2010), “Bulletin Officiel de la Propriété Intellectuelle (BOPI), publication trimestrielle”, OAPI, available at www.oapi.int/index.php/fr/brevets (accessed February 27, 2017).Google Scholar
O’Neil, K. (2003), “Using remittances and circular migration to drive development,” Migration Information Source, 1.Google Scholar
Ratha, D., Mohapatra, S., Özden, Ç., Plaza, S., Shaw, W., et al. (2011), “Leveraging migration for Africa: remittances,” in Skills and Investments, Washington, DC, International Bank for Construction and Development/World Bank.Google Scholar
Stark, O., Helmenstein, C., and Prskawetz, A. (1997), “A brain gain with a brain drain,” Economics Letters, 55(2): 227–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, O., and Taylor, J. E. (1991), “Migration incentives, migration types: the role of relative deprivation,” Economic Journal, 101(408): 1163–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNESCO (2015), UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030, Paris, UNESCO Publishing.Google Scholar
World Bank Group (2012), World Development Indicators 2012, Washington, DC, World Bank Publications.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×