Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T19:53:33.240Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - “From the Ends of the Earth”: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Long-Distance Contact in Bronze Age Atlantic Europe

from Part III - The Cultural and Linguistic Significance of Bell Beakers along the Atlantic Fringe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 April 2023

By
John T. Koch  and
Johan Ling
Edited by
Kristian Kristiansen ,
Guus Kroonen  and
Eske Willerslev
Kristian Kristiansen
Affiliation:
Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden
Guus Kroonen
Affiliation:
Universiteit Leiden
Eske Willerslev
Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen
Get access

Summary

Recent chemical and isotopic sourcing of copper alloys, mostly from Scandinavia but some also from Britain (Ling et al. 2013; 2014; Melheim et al. 2018; Radivojević et al. 2018), point to a production–distribution–consumption system that connected the South with the North along the Atlantic façade during the period 1400/1300 to 700 BC. Up to now, Scandinavia has not been directly related to the Atlantic Bronze Age of this time. Parallel to these discoveries, aDNA evidence has revealed a bidirectional north–south genetic flow at nearly the same time, 1300 to 800 BC, as early European farmer (EEF) ancestry rose in southern Britain and fell in the Iberian Peninsula, accompanied there by a converse rise in steppe ancestry (Patterson et al. 2021). It appears, therefore, that people as well as metals were on the move during a period of intensified contacts across Europe’s westernmost lands in the Middle and Late Bronze Age. Thus, there arose a network comparable to that established earlier in connection with the Beaker phenomenon, one coinciding with a comparably significant transformation of the region’s populations (Olalde et al. 2018; Koch & Fernández 2019).

Type
Chapter
Information
The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited
Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics
 , pp. 157 - 171
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allentoft, Morten E. et al. 2015. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522(7555): 167–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Almagro Basch, Martín. 1966. La estelas decoradas del suroeste peninsular (Bibliotheca Praehistoria Hispana 8). Madrid: Imprenta Fareso.Google Scholar
Anthony, David W. 2007. The horse, the wheel, and language: How Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Anthony, David W. & Ringe, Don. 2015. The Indo-European homeland from linguistic and archaeological perspectives. Annual Review of Linguistics 1: 199–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anthony, David W. & Brown, D. R.. 2017. Molecular archaeology and Indo-European linguistics: Impressions from new data. In: Hansen, Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard et al. (ed.), Usque as radices: Indo-European studies in honour of Birgit Anette Olsen, 25–54. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Google Scholar
Bengtsson, Boel. 2017. Sailing rock art boats. A reassessment of seafaring abilities in Bronze Age Scandinavia and the introduction of the sail in the North. Oxford: BAR.Google Scholar
Bengtsson, Lasse (ed.). 2002. Arkeologisk rapport 6. Askum socken (Bohuslän 3). Bengtsfors: Vitlycke Museum.Google Scholar
Bengtsson, Lasse (ed.). 2009. Arkeologisk rapport 7. Tossene socken. Gothenburg: Vitlycke Museum.Google Scholar
Martínez, Blázquez, María, José. 2011. Chipre y la Península Ibérica. In: Martí-Aguilar, Manuel Álvarez (ed.), Fenicios en Tartessos: nuevas perspectivas (BAR International Series 2245), 7–31. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Brandherm, Dirk. 2007. Algunas reflexiones sobre el bronce inicial en el noroeste peninsular. La cuestion del llamado horizonte “Montelavar.” Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 33: 69–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandherm, Dirk. 2013. Mediterranes, Atlantisches und Kontinentales in der bronze- und ältereisenzeitlichen Stelenkunst der Iberischen Halbinsel. In: Kalaitzoglou, Georg & Lüdorf, Gundula (ed.), Petasos: Festschrift für Hans Lohmann, 131–148. Paderborn: Fink & Schöningh.Google Scholar
Brandherm, Dirk. 2016. Stelae, funerary practice, and group identities in the Bronze and Iron Ages of SW Iberia: A moyenne durée perspective. In: Koch, John T., Cunliffe, Barry, Gibson, Catriona D., & Cleary, Kerri (ed.), Celtic from the West 3. Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages. Questions of shared language (Celtic Studies Publications 19), 179–216. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Burgess, Colin & O’Connor, Brendan. 2008. Iberia, the Atlantic Bronze Age and the Mediterranean. In: Pérez, Sebastián Celestino et al. (ed.), Contacto cultural entre el Mediterráneo y el Atlántico (siglos XII–VIII ANE), La precolonización a debate (Serie Arqueológica 11), 41–58. Madrid: Escuela Española de Historia y Arqueología en Roma CSIC.Google Scholar
Cassidy, Lara M. et al. 2016. Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome. PNAS 113(2): 368–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Childe, V. Gordon. 1939. Notes: About the distribution in Atlantic Europe and Scandinavia of the double looped Galician Axe. The Antiquaries Journal 19: 321–323.Google Scholar
Cleary, Kerri & Gibson, Catriona. 2019. Connectivity in Atlantic Europe during the Bronze Age (2800–800 BC). In: Cunliffe, Barry & Koch, John T. (ed.), Exploring Celtic origins: New ways forward in archaeology, linguistics, and genetics (Celtic Studies Publications 22), 80–116. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Coles, John M. 2005. Shadows of a northern past: Rock carvings of Bohuslän and Østfold. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Cunliffe, Barry. 2001. Facing the Ocean. The Atlantic and its Peoples 8000 BC–AD 1500. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cunliffe, Barry 2010. Celticization from the West. The contribution of archaeology. In: Cunliffe, Barry & Koch, John T. (ed.), Celtic from the West. Alternative perspectives from archaeology, genetics, language and literature (Celtic Studies Publications 15), 13–38. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Cunliffe, Barry. 2013. Britain begins. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cunliffe, Barry. 2019. Setting the scene. In: Cunliffe, Barry & Koch, John T. (ed.), Exploring Celtic Origins: New ways forward in archaeology, linguistics, and genetics (Celtic Studies Publications 22), 1–17. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
de Barros Damgaard, Peter et al. 2018. The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia. Science 10.1126/science.aar7711.Google Scholar
Díaz-Guardamino Uribe, Marta. 2010. Las estelas decoradas en la Prehistoria de la Península Ibérica. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid.Google Scholar
Díaz-Guardamino Uribe, Marta, & Wheatley, D. W.. 2013. Rock art and digital technologies. The application of Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) and 3D laser scanning to the study of Late Bronze Age Iberian stelae. Menga: Revista de prehistoria de Andalucía 4: 187–203.Google Scholar
Earle, Timothy. 2002. Bronze Age economics. Boulder (CO): Westview Press.Google Scholar
Earle, Timothy et al. 2015. The political economy and metal trade in Bronze Age Europe. Understanding regional variability in terms of comparative advantages and articulations. European Journal of Archaeology 18(4): 633–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enright, Michael J. 1996. Lady with a mead cup. Ritual, prophecy and lordship in the European warband from La Tène to the Viking Age. Blackrock: Four Courts.Google Scholar
Eogan, George. 1995. Ideas, people and things. Ireland and the external world during the Late Bronze Age. In: Waddell, John & Twohig, Elizabeth Shee (ed.), Ireland in the Bronze Age. Proceedings of the Dublin conference, April 1995, 128–135. Dublin: Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Falileyev, Alexander et al. 2010. Dictionary of Continental Celtic place-names. A Celtic companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Aberystwyth: CMCS.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, Andrew P. 2013. The arrival of the Bell Beaker set in Britain and Ireland. In: Koch, John T. & Cunliffe, Barry (ed.), Celtic from the West 2. Rethinking the Bronze Age and the arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe (Celtic Studies Publications 16), 41–70. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Fredsjö, Åke. 1981. Hällristningar Kville härad i Bohuslän, Kville socken. Gothenburg: Fornminnesförening i Göteborg.Google Scholar
Garrett, Andrew. 2006. Convergence in the formation of Indo-European subgroups. Phylogeny and chronology. In: Forster, Peter & Renfrew, Colin (ed.), Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages, 139–151. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, Marija. 1970. Proto-Indo-European culture: The Kurgan culture during the 5th to the 3rd millennia BC. In: Cardona, G., Koenigswald, H. M., & Senn, A. (ed.), Indo-European and Indo-Europeans, 155–198. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haak, Wolfgang et al. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522: 207–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harbison, Peter. 1988. Pre-Christian Ireland: From the first settlers to the early Celts. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Harding, Anthony. 1990. The Wessex connection. Developments and perspectives. In: Schauer, Peter (ed.), Orientalisch-ägäische Einflüsse inder europäischen Bronzezeit. Ergebnisse eines Kolloquiums (1985) (Monographien RGZM 15), 139–154. Mainz: Zabern.Google Scholar
Harding, Anthony. 2000. European societies in the Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, Anthony. 2013. World systems, cores, and peripheries in prehistoric Europe. European Journal of Archaeology 16(3): 378–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, Richard J. 2004. Symbols and warriors: Images of the European Bronze Age. Bristol: Western Academic & Specialist Press.Google Scholar
Harrison, Richard J. & Heyd, Volker. 2007. The transformation of Europe in the third millennium BC. The example of “Le Petit Chasseur I + III” (Sion, Valais, Switzerland). Prähistorische Zeitschrift 82: 129–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayden, Brian. 2018. The power of ritual in prehistory: Secret societies and origins of social complexity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herodotus = de Sélincourt, Aubrey (trans.). 1972. Herodotus: The histories, rev. ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin. First published 1954.Google Scholar
Horn, Christian. 2014. Studien zu den europäischen Stabdolchen (Universitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie 246). Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Horn, Christian & Potter, Richard. 2017. Transforming the rocks: Time and rock art in Bohuslän, Sweden. European Journal of Archaeology 63: 1–24.Google Scholar
Hyllested, Adam. 2010. The precursors of Celtic and Germanic. In: Jamison, Stephanie W. et al. (ed.), Proceedings of the 21st Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, 107–128. Bremen: Hempen.Google Scholar
Isaac, Graham. R. 2007. Studies in Celtic sound changes and their chronology. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck.Google Scholar
Kaul, Flemming. 2013. The Nordic razor and the Mycenaean lifestyle. Antiquity 87(336): 461–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kienlin, Tobias L. 2012. Patterns of change, or perceptions deceived? Comments on the interpretation of Late Neolithic and Bronze Age tell settlement in the Carpathian Basin. In: Kienlin, Tobias & Zimmermann, Andreas (ed.), Beyond elites. Alternatives to hierarchical systems in modelling social formations, 251–310. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Koch, John T. 2013a. Out of the flow and ebb of the European Bronze Age. Heroes, Tartessos, and Celtic. In: Koch, John T. & Cunliffe, Barry (ed.), Celtic from the West 2. Rethinking the Bronze Age and the arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe (Celtic Studies Publications 16), 101–146. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Koch, John T. 2013b. Tartessian. Celtic in the South-west at the dawn of history (Celtic Studies Publications 13). Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies Publications.Google Scholar
Koch, John T. 2013c. Prologue. Ha C1a ≠ PC (the earliest Hallstatt Iron Age cannot equal Proto-Celtic). In: Koch, John T. & Cunliffe, Barry (ed.), Celtic from the West 2. Rethinking the Bronze Age and the arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe (Celtic Studies Publications 16), 1–16. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Koch, John T. 2016. Phoenicians in the West and break-up of the Atlantic Bronze Age. In: Koch, John T., Cunliffe, Barry, Gibson, Catriona D., & Cleary, Kerri (ed.), Celtic from the West 3. Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages. Questions of shared language (Celtic Studies Publications 19), 431–476. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Koch, John T. 2019a. Rock art and Celto-Germanic vocabulary: Shared iconography and words as reflections of Bronze Age contact. Adoranten 2019: 80–95.Google Scholar
Koch, John T. 2019b. Common ground and progress on the Celtic of the South-western (S.W.) inscriptions. Aberystwyth: Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies.Google Scholar
Koch, John T. 2020. Celto-Germanic: Later prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West. Aberystwyth: Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies.Google Scholar
Koch, John T., with Palacios, Fernando Fernández. 2019. A case of identity theft? Archaeogenetics, Beaker People, and Celtic origins. In: Cunliffe, Barry & Koch, John T. (ed.), Exploring Celtic origins: New ways forward in archaeology, linguistics, and genetics (Celtic Studies Publications 22), 38–79. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Koch, John T., with Karl, Raimund, Minard, Antone, & Faoláin, Simon Ó. 2007. An atlas for Celtic studies. Archaeology and names in ancient Europe and early medieval Ireland, Britain, and Brittany (Celtic Studies Publications 12). Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian. 1998. Europe before history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian. 2007. The rules of the game, decentralised complexity and power structures. In: Kohring, Sheila & Wynne-Jones, Stephanie (ed.), Socializing complexity. Structure interaction and power in archaeological discourse, 60–75. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian. 2014. Towards a new paradigm? The third science revolution and its possible consequences in archaeology. Current Swedish Archaeology 22, 11–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian. 2017. When language meets archaeology. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic in northern Europe. In: Hansen, Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard et al. (ed.), Usque as radices: Indo-European studies in honour of Birgit Anette Olsen, 427–438. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian. 2018. Warfare and the political economy: Bronze Age Europe 1500−1100 BC. In: Horn, Christian & Kristiansen, Kristian (ed.), Warfare in Bronze Age society, 23–46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian & Suchowska-Ducke, Paulina. 2015. Connected histories. The dynamics of Bronze Age interaction and trade 1500–1100 BC. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81, 361–382.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian & Earle, Timothy. 2015. Neolithic versus Bronze Age social formations. A political economy approach. In: Kristiansen, Kristian et al. (ed.), Paradigm found. Archaeological theory – present, past and future. Essays in honour of Evžen Neustupný, 236–249. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Kroonen, Guus. 2013. Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11). Leiden & Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
Lazaridis, Iosif. 2018. The evolutionary history of human populations in Europe. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 53: 21–27.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1964. Mythologiques. Part 1. Le cru et le cuit. Paris: Plon.Google Scholar
vander Linden, Marc. 2007. What linked the Bell Beakers in third millennium BC Europe? Antiquity 81(312): 343–352.Google Scholar
Ling, Johan & Uhnér, Claes. 2015. Rock art and metal trade. Adoranten 2014: 23–43.Google Scholar
Ling, Johan & Rowlands, Michael. 2013. Structure from the North content from the South. Rock art, metal trade and cosmopolitical codes. In: Anati, Emmanuel (ed.), Art as a source of history, XXV Valcamonica Symposium Capo di Ponte, September 20–26, 2013, 187–196. Capo di Ponte: Edizioni del Centro.Google Scholar
Ling, Johan & Bertilsson, Ulf. 2017. Biography of the Fossum panel. Adoranten 2016: 58–72.Google Scholar
Ling, Johan et al. 2013. Moving metals or indigenous mining? Provenancing Scandinavian Bronze Age artefacts by lead isotopes and trace elements. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(1): 291–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling, Johan et al. 2014. Moving metals II. Provenancing Scandinavian Bronze Age artefacts by lead isotope and elemental analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science 41(1): 106–112.Google Scholar
Ling, Johan, Chacon, Richard, & Chacon, Yolande. 2018. Rock art, secret societies, long-distance exchange, and warfare in Bronze Age Scandinavia. In: Dolfini, A., Crellin, R., Horn, C., & Uckelmannn, M. (ed.), Prehistoric warfare and violence: Quantitative and qualitative approaches, 149–174. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling, Johan, Earle, Timothy, & Kristiansen, Kristian. 2018. Maritime mode of production. Raiding and trading in seafaring chiefdoms. Current Anthropology 59(5): 488–524.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P. 1989. In search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, archaeology and myth. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P. 2013. The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe. In: Koch, John T. & Cunliffe, Barry (ed.), Celtic from the West 2. Rethinking the Bronze Age and the arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe (Celtic Studies Publications 16), 17–40. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P. & Adams, Douglas Q.. 2006. The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Maran, Joseph. 2004. Wessex und Mykene. Zur Deutung des Bernsteins in der Schachtgräberzeit Südgriechenlands. In: Hänsel, Bernhard & Studeníkova, Etela (ed.), Zwischen Karpaten und Ägais. Neolithikum und Ältere Bronzezeit. Gedenkschrift für Viera Nemejcová-Pavúková, 47–65. Rahden: Leidorf.Google Scholar
Maran, Joseph. 2016. Bright as the sun. The appropriation of amber objects in Mycenaean Greece. In: Hahn, Hans Peter & Weiss, Hadas (ed.), Mobility, meaning and the transformation of things, 147–169. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Martiniano, Rui et al. 2017. The population genomics of archaeological transition in west Iberia. Investigation of ancient substructure using imputation and haplotype-based methods. PLoS Genet 13(7): e1006852.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matasović, Ranko. 2009. Etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series). Leiden & Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
McCone, Kim R. 1996. Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change (Maynooth Studies in Celtic Linguistics 1). Maynooth: St Patrick’s College.Google Scholar
McKinley, Jacqueline I. et al. 2013. Dead sea connections. A Bronze Age and Iron Age ritual site on the Isle of Thanet. In: Koch, John T. & Cunliffe, Barry (ed.), Celtic from the West 2. Rethinking the Bronze Age and the arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe (Celtic Studies Publications 16), 157–183. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
McKinley, Jacqueline I. et al. 2015. Cliffs End Farm, Isle of Thanet, Kent. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Mederos Martín, Alfredo. 1996. La conexión levantino-chipriota. Indicios de comercio atlántico con el Mediterráneo oriental durante el Bronce Final (1150–950 AC). Trabajos de prehistoria 53(2): 95–115.Google Scholar
Melheim, Lena & Ling, Johan. 2017. Taking the stranger on board. In: Skoglund, Peter, Ling, Johan, & Bertilsson, Ulf (ed.), North meets south. Theoretical aspects on the northern and southern rock art traditions in Scandinavia, 59–86. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Melheim, Lena et al. 2018. Moving metals III. Possible origins for copper in Bronze Age Denmark based on lead isotopes and geochemistry. Journal of Archaeological Science 96: 85–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milcent, Pierre-Yves. 2012. Le temps des élites en Gaule atlantique. Chronologie des mobiliers et rythmes de constitution des dépots métalliques dans le contexte européen (XIIIe–VIIe av. J.-C.). Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.Google Scholar
Monteagudo, Luis. 1977. Die Beile auf der Iberischen Halbinsel. Munich: C.H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Murillo-Barroso, Mercedes & Martinón-Torres, Marcos. 2012. Amber sources and trade in the prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. European Journal of Archaeology 15(2): 187–216.Google Scholar
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M. et al. 2018. The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia. Science 365(6457).Google Scholar
Needham, Stuart P. 1996. Chronology and periodisation in the British Bronze Age. Acta Archaeologica 67: 121–140.Google Scholar
Needham, Stuart P. 2016. The lost cultures of the halberd bearers: A non-Beaker ideology in later 3rd millennium Atlantic Europe. In: Koch, John T., Cunliffe, Barry, Gibson, Catriona D., & Cleary, Kerri (ed.), Celtic from the West 3. Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages. Questions of shared language (Celtic Studies Publications 19), 40–81. Oxford: Oxbow Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van de Noort, Robert. 2011. North Sea archaeologies. A maritime biography, 10,000 BC to AD 1500. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nordén, Arthur. 1925. Östergötlands bronsålder: Med omkr. 500 textbilder och 141 pl. Linköping: H. Carlsons bokhandel.Google Scholar
Nørgaard, Heide W. et al. 2019. Provenance studies on metal artefacts of the Danish Bronze Age: The archaeological and chemical evidence of metal trade 2100–1600 BC. Paper read at the 15th Nordic Bronze Age Symposium, Lund, June 2019.Google Scholar
O’Brien, William. 2004. Ross Island. Mining, metal and society in early Ireland (Bronze Age Studies 6). Galway: National University of Ireland.Google Scholar
O’Brien, William. 2016. Language shift and political context in Bronze Age Ireland: Some implications of hillfort chronology. In: Koch, John T., Cunliffe, Barry, Gibson, Catriona D., & Cleary, Kerri (ed.), Celtic from the West 3. Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages. Questions of shared language (Celtic Studies Publications 19), 219–246. Oxford: Oxbow Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Brien, William & O’Driscoll, James. 2017. Hillforts, warfare and society in Bronze Age Ireland. Oxford: Archaeopress.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odriozola, Carlos P. et al. 2017. Amber, beads and social interaction in the Late Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula: An update. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 1–29.Google Scholar
Olalde, Iñigo et al. 2018. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of Northwest Europe. Nature 555: 190–196.Google Scholar
Olalde, Iñigo et al. 2019. The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years. Science 363: 1230–1234.Google Scholar
Pare, Christopher F. E. 2000. Bronze and the Bronze Age. In: Pare, C. F. E. (ed.), Metals make the world go round. Supply and circulation of metals in Bronze Age Europe, 1–37. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Patterson, Nick et al. 2021. Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age. Nature 601: 588–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radivojević, Miljana et al. 2018. The provenance, use, and circulation of metals in the European Bronze Age: The state of debate. Journal of Archaeological Research 27: 1–55.Google Scholar
Ringe, Don. 2017. A linguistic history of English. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. First published 2006.Google Scholar
Ringe, Don, Warnow, T., & Taylor, A. 2002. Indo-European and computational cladistics. Transactions of the Philological Society 100(1): 59–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiz-Gálvez Priego, Marisa. 2013. Con el fenicio en los talones: Los inicios de la Edad del hierro en la cuenca del Mediterráneo. Barcelona: Bellaterra.Google Scholar
Schleicher, August. 1861/1862. Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen. (Kurzer Abriss der indogermanischen Ursprache, des Altindischen, Altiranischen, Altgriechischen, Altitalischen, Altkeltischen, Altslawischen, Litauischen und Altdeutschen.). 2 vols. Weimar: H. Boehlau. Reprinted by Minerva GmbH, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag.Google Scholar
Schrijver, Peter. 2016. Sound change: The Italo-Celtic linguistic unity, and the Italian homeland of Celtic. In: Koch, John T., Cunliffe, Barry, Gibson, Catriona D. & Cleary, Kerri (ed.), Celtic from the West 3. Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages. Questions of shared language (Celtic Studies Publications 19), 489–502. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Schulz Paulsson, Bettina. 2017. Time and stone. The emergence and development of megaliths and megalithic societies in Europe. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Schulz-Paulsson, Bettina. 2019. Radiocarbon dates and Bayesian modeling support maritime diffusion model for megaliths in Europe. PNAS 116(9): 3460–3465.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Andrew. 1993. What would a Bronze-Age world system look like? Relations between temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in later prehistory. Journal of European Archaeology 1(2): 1–57.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Susan. 2003. The Mediterranean economy. “Globalisation” at the end of the second millennium BCE. In: Dever, William G. & Gitin, Seymour (ed.), Symbiosis, symbolism, and the power of the past. Canaan, ancient Israel, and their neighbours from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina, 37–62. Winona Lake (IN): Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Susan. 2009. The Aegean and the wider world. Some thoughts on a world-system perspective. In: Parkinson, William A. & Galaty, Michael L. (ed.), Archaic state interaction. The Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age, 81–107. Santa Fe (NM): School for Advanced Research Press.Google Scholar
Thrane, H. 1990. The Mycenaean fascination: A northerners’ view. In: Bader, T. (ed.), Orientalisch-ägäische Einflüsse in der europäischen Bronzezeit: Ergebnisse eines Kolloquiums, 165–179. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Uckelmann, Marion. 2012. Die Schilde der Bronzezeit in Nord-, West- und Zentraleuropa. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Untermann, Jürgen (with Dagmar S. Wodtko). 1997. Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum. Vol. 4. Die tartessischen, keltiberischen und lusitanischen Inschriften. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
de Vaan, M. 2008. Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages. Leiden, Brill.Google Scholar
Valdiosera, Cristina et al. 2018. Four millennia of Iberian biomolecular prehistory illustrate the impact of prehistoric migrations at the far end of Eurasia. PNAS 115(13): 3428–3433.Google Scholar
Vandkilde, Helle et al. (ed.). 2006. Warfare and society. Archaeological and social anthropological perspectives. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Vandkilde, Helle. 2013. Bronze Age voyaging and cosmologies in the making. The helmets from Viksø revisited. In Bergerbrant, Sophie & Sabatini, Serena (ed.), Counterpoint. Essays in archaeology and heritage studies in honour of Professor Kristian Kristiansen, 165–177. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Vandkilde, Helle. 2016. Bronzization. The Bronze Age as pre-modern globalization. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 91(1): 103–123.Google Scholar
Ventris, Michael & Chadwick, John. 2008. Documents in Mycenaean Greek, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Witzel, Michael. 2019. Early “Aryans” and their neighbors outside and inside India. Journal of Biosciences 44: 58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×