Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T16:42:35.055Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 June 2020

Brian F. Schaffner ,
Jesse H. Rhodes  and
Raymond J. La Raja
Brian F. Schaffner
Affiliation:
Tufts University, Massachusetts
Jesse H. Rhodes
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Raymond J. La Raja
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Hometown Inequality
Race, Class, and Representation in American Local Politics
 , pp. 237 - 252
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achen, Christopher H. “Measuring Representation.” American Journal of Political Science 22, no. 3 (1978): 475–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Addonizio, Elizabeth M., Green, Donald P., and Glaser, James M.. “Putting the Party Back into Politics: An Experiment Testing Whether Election Day Festivals Increase Voter Turnout.” PS: Political Science & Politics 40, no. 4 (2007): 721–727.Google Scholar
Adrian, Charles R. “Some General Characteristics of Nonpartisan Elections.” American Political Science Review 46, no. 3 (1952): 766–776.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto and Glaeser, Edward. Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe: A World of Difference. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto and La Ferrara, Eliana. “Participation in Heterogeneous Communities.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 115, no. 3 (2000): 847–904.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, Baqir, Reza, and Easterly, William. “Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, no. 4 (1999): 1243–1284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
An, Brian, Levy, Morris, and Hero, Rodney. “It’s Not Just Welfare: Racial Inequality and the Local Provision of Public Goods in the United States.” Urban Affairs Review 54, no. 5 (2018): 833–865.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Lisa R., Mellor, Jennifer M., and Milyo, Jeffrey. “Inequality and Public Good Provision: An Experimental Analysis.” The Journal of Socio-Economics 37, no. 3 (2008): 1010–1028.Google Scholar
Ansolabehere, Stephen and Hersh, Eitan. “Validation: What Big Data Reveal about Survey Misreporting and the Real Electorate.” Political Analysis 20, no. 4 (2012): 437–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anzia, Sarah F. “Election Timing and the Electoral Influence of Interest Groups.” The Journal of Politics 73, no. 2 (2011): 412–427.Google Scholar
Anzia, Sarah F. Timing and Turnout: How Off-Cycle Elections Favor Organized Groups. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apergis, Nicholas, Dincer, Oguzhan C., and Payne, James E.. “The Relationship between Corruption and Income Inequality in US States: Evidence from a Panel Cointegration and Error Correction Model.” Public Choice 145, no. 1–2 (2010): 125–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arceneaux, Kevin. “Does Federalism Weaken Democratic Representation in the United States?” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 35, no. 2 (2005): 297–311.Google Scholar
Avery, James M. and Fine, Jeffrey A.. “Racial Composition, White Racial Attitudes, and Black Representation: Testing the Racial Threat Hypothesis in the United States Senate.” Political Behavior 34, no. 3 (2012): 391–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, Michael A. and Rom, Mark Carl. “A Wider Race? Interstate Competition across Health and Welfare Programs.” The Journal of Politics 66, no. 2 (2004): 326–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banducci, Susan A., Donovan, Todd, and Karp, Jeffrey A.. “Minority Representation, Empowerment, and Participation.” The Journal of Politics 66, no. 2 (2004): 534–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baqir, Reza. “Districting and Government Overspending.” Journal of Political Economy 110 (2002): 1318–1354.Google Scholar
Barretto, Matt A. “Sí Se Puede! Latino Candidates and the Mobilization of Latino Voters.” American Political Science Review 101, no. 3 (2007): 425–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. “Constituency Opinion and Congressional Policy Making: The Reagan Defense Buildup.” American Political Science Review 85, no. 2 (1991): 457–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. “Where the Ducks Are: Voting Power in a Party System.” In Politicians and Party Politics, ed. Geer, John. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. 43–79.Google Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Beach, Brian and Jones, Daniel B.. “Gridlock: Ethnic Diversity in Government and the Provision of Public Goods.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 9, no. 1 (2017): 112–136.Google Scholar
Benabou, Roland. “Inequality and Growth.” NBER Macroeconomics Annual 11 (1996): 11–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergan, Daniel E. “Does Grassroots Lobbying Work? A Field Experiment Measuring the Effects of an E-mail Lobbying Campaign on Legislative Behavior.” American Politics Research 37, no. 2 (2009): 327–352.Google Scholar
Bergan, Daniel E. and Cole, Richard T.. “Call Your Legislator: A Field Experimental Study of the Impact of a Constituency Mobilization Campaign on Legislative Voting.” Political Behavior 37, no. 1 (2015): 27–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, David R. Local Government and the States: Autonomy, Politics, and Policy. Armonk, NY: ME Sharp Incorporated, 2003.Google Scholar
Berry, Christopher R. and Howell, William G.. “Accountability and Local Elections: Rethinking Retrospective Voting.” The Journal of Politics 69, no. 3 (2007): 844–858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhatti, Yosef and Erikson, Robert S.. “How Poorly Are the Poor Represented in the US Senate?” In Who Gets Represented?, eds. Enns, Peter K. and Wlezien, Christopher. New York: Russell Sage Foundation 2011. 223–246.Google Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence and Gilliam, Franklin D.. “Race, Sociopolitical Participation, and Black Empowerment.” American Political Science Review 84, no. 2 (1990): 377–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonica, Adam, McCarty, Nolan, Poole, Keith T., and Rosenthal, Howard. “Why Hasn’t Democracy Slowed Rising Inequality?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 27, no. 3 (2013): 103–124.Google Scholar
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006.Google Scholar
Boudreau, Cheryl, Elmendorf, Christopher S., and MacKenzie, Scott A.. “Lost in Space? Information Shortcuts, Spatial Voting, and Local Government Representation.” Political Research Quarterly 68, no. 4 (2015): 843–855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boustan, Leah, Ferreira, Fernando, Winkler, Hernan, and Zolt, Eric M.. “The Effect of Rising Income Inequality on Taxation and Public Expenditures: Evidence from US Municipalities and School Districts, 1970–2000.” Review of Economics and Statistics 95, no. 4 (2013): 1291–1302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branham, J. Alexander, Soroka, Stuart N., and Wlezien, Christopher. “When Do the Rich Win?” Political Science Quarterly 132, no. 1 (2017): 43–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brazil, Noli. “The Unequal Spatial Distribution of City Government Fines: The Case of Parking Tickets in Los Angeles.” Urban Affairs Review (2018): DOI: 1078087418783609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridges, Amy. “Textbook Municipal Reform.” Urban Affairs Review 33, no. 1 (1997): 97–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broockman, David E. “Black Politicians Are More Intrinsically Motivated to Advance Blacks’ Interests: A Field Experiment Manipulating Political Incentives.” American Journal of Political Science 57, no. 3 (2013): 521–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broockman, David E. “Distorted Communication, Unequal Representation: Constituents Communicate Less to Representatives Not of Their Race.” American Journal of Political Science 58, no. 2 (2014): 307–321.Google Scholar
Broockman, David E. and Ryan, Timothy J.. “Preaching to the Choir: Americans Prefer Communicating to Copartisan Elected Officials.” American Journal of Political Science 60, no. 4 (2016): 1093–1107.Google Scholar
Broockman, David E. and Skovron, Christopher. “Bias in Perceptions of Public Opinion among Political Elites.” American Political Science Review 112, no. 3 (2018): 542–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browning, Rufus, Marshall, Dale R., and Tabb, David. Protest Is Not Enough: The Struggle of Blacks and Hispanics for Equality in Urban Politics. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Bullock, III, Charles, S. and Campbell, Bruce A.. “Racist or Racial Voting in the 1981 Atlanta Municipal Elections.” Urban Affairs Quarterly 20, no. 2 (1984): 149–164.Google Scholar
III Bullock, Charles S. and MacManus, Susan A.. “Staggered Terms and Black Representation.” The Journal of Politics 49, no. 2 (1987): 543–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, Daniel M. Representing the Advantaged: How Politicians Reinforce Inequality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Butler, Daniel M. and Broockman, David E.. “Do Politicians Racially Discriminate against Constituents? A Field Experiment on State Legislators.” American Journal of Political Science 55, no. 3 (2011): 463–477.Google Scholar
Butler, Daniel M. and Dynes, Adam M.. “How Politicians Discount the Opinions of Constituents with Whom They Disagree.” American Journal of Political Science 60, no. 4 (2016): 975–989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, Daniel M. and Nickerson, David W.. “Can Learning Constituency Opinion Affect How Legislators Vote? Results from a Field Experiment.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 6, no. 1 (2011): 55–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Angus, Converse, Philip E., Miller, Warren E., and Stokes, Donald E.. The American Voter. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1960.Google Scholar
Campbell, David E. and Wolbrecht, Christina. “See Jane Run: Women Politicians as Role Models for Adolescents.” The Journal of Politics 68, no. 2 (2006): 233–247.Google Scholar
Canes-Wrone, Brandice, Brady, David W., and Cogan, John F.. “Out of Step, Out of Office: Electoral Accountability and House Members’ Voting.” American Political Science Review 96, no. 1 (2002): 127–140.Google Scholar
Cann, Damon M. “The Structure of Municipal Political Ideology.” State and Local Government Review 50, no. 1 (2018): 37–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmines, Edward G., Ensley, Michael J., and Wagner, Michael W.. “Political Ideology in American Politics: One, Two, or None?” The Forum, vol. 10, no. 3 (2012): https://doi.org/10.1515/1540-8884.1526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. “Does the Numerical Underrepresentation of the Working Class in Congress Matter?” Legislative Studies Quarterly 37, no. 1 (2012): 5–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. White-Collar Government: The Hidden Role of Class in Economic Policy Making. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. “Why Are There So Few Working-Class People in Political Office? Evidence from State Legislatures.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 4, no. 1 (2016): 85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. “Adam Smith Would Be Spinning in His Grave.” The Forum 15, no. 1 (2017): https://doi.org/10.1515/for-2017-0009.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. The Cash Ceiling: Why Only the Rich Run for Office – And What We Can Do about It. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas and Lupu, Noam. “Rethinking the Comparative Perspective on Class and Representation: Evidence from Latin America.” American Journal of Political Science 59, no. 1 (2015): 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas and Lupu, Noam. “What Good Is a College Degree? Education and Leader Quality Reconsidered.” Journal of Politics 78, no. 1 (2016): 35–49.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas and Sadin, Meredith L.. “The ‘Mill Worker’s Son’ Heuristic: How Voters Perceive Politicians from Working-Class Families—And How They Really Behave in Office.” The Journal of Politics 77, no. 1 (2015): 285–298.Google Scholar
Caughey, Devin and Warshaw, Christopher. “Public Opinion in Subnational Politics.” The Journal of Politics 81, no. 1 (2019): 352–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charbonneau, Étienne and Van Ryzin, Gregg G.. “Benchmarks and Citizen Judgments of Local Government Performance: Findings from a Survey Experiment.” Public Management Review 17, no. 2 (2015): 288–304.Google Scholar
Choi, Sang Ok, Bae, Sang-Seok, Kwon, Sung-Wook, and Feiock, Richard. “County Limits: Policy Types and Expenditure Priorities.” The American Review of Public Administration 40, no. 1 (2010): 29–45.Google Scholar
Chong, Alberto and Gradstein, Mark. “Inequality and Institutions.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 89, no. 3 (2007): 454–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cingano, Federico. “Trends in Income Inequality and Its Impact on Economic Growth.” OECD Social, Employment, and Migration Working Papers, no. 163, OEC Publishing: http://englishbulletin.adapt.it/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/oecd_9_12_2014.pdf.Google Scholar
Clinton, Joshua D. and Grissom, Jason A.. “Public Information, Public Learning and Public Opinion: Democratic Accountability in Education Policy.” Journal of Public Policy 35, no. 3 (2015): 355–385Google Scholar
Converse, Philip E. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics.” In Ideology and Discontent, ed. Aptor, David E.. New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1964.Google Scholar
Corcoran, Sean and Evans, William N.. Income Inequality, the Median Voter, and the Support for Public Education, no. 16097, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.Google Scholar
Craw, Michael. “Deciding to Provide: Local Decisions on Providing Social Welfare.” American Journal of Political Science 54, no. 4 (2010): 906–920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craw, Michael. “Overcoming City Limits: Vertical and Horizontal Models of Local Redistributive Policy Making.” Social Science Quarterly 87, no. 2 (2006): 361–379.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Davidson, Chandler and Korbel, George. ‘‘At-Large Elections and Minority-Group Representation: A Re-examination of Historical and Contemporary Evidence.’’ Journal of Politics 43, no. 4 (1981): 982–1005.Google Scholar
DeHoog, Ruth Hoogland, Lowery, David, and Lyons, William E.. “Citizen Satisfaction with Local Governance: A Test of Individual, Jurisdictional, and City-Specific Explanations.” The Journal of Politics 52, no. 3 (1990): 807–837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derthick, Martha. Keeping the Compound Republic: Essays on American Federalism. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2004.Google Scholar
DeSantis, Victor and Renner, Tari. “Minority and Gender Representation in American County Legislatures: The Effect of Election Systems.” In United States Electoral Systems, eds. Rule, Wilma and Zimmerman, Joseph F.. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Desouza, Kevin C., Dawson, Gregory S., Ho, Alfred, and Krishnamurthy, Rashmi. “Using Performance Analytics in Local Government.” Brookings Institution, November 30, 2017.Google Scholar
Dovi, Suzanne. “Preferable Descriptive Representatives: Will Just Any Woman, Black, or Latino Do?” American Political Science Review 96, no. 4 (2002): 729–743.Google Scholar
Dovi, Suzanne. “In Praise of Exclusion.” The Journal of Politics 71, no. 3 (2009): 1172–1186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dowding, Keith, John, Peter, and Biggs, Stephen. “Tiebout: A Survey of the Empirical Literature.” Urban Studies 31, no. 4–5 (1994): 767–797.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durlauf, Steven N. “A Theory of Persistent Income Inequality.” Journal of Economic Growth 1, no. 1 (1996): 75–93.Google Scholar
Einstein, Katherine Levine and Kogan, Vladimir. “Pushing the City Limits: Policy Responsiveness in Municipal Government.” Urban Affairs Review 52, no. 1 (2016): 3–32.Google Scholar
Einstein, Katherine Levine, Glick, David, and LeBlanc, Conor. “2016 Menino Survey of Mayors.” (2017), www.bu.edu/ioc/files/2017/01/2016-Menino-Survey-of-Mayors-Final-Report.pdf.Google Scholar
Einstein, Katherine Levine, Palmer, Maxwell, and Glick, David M.. “Who Participates in Local Government? Evidence from Meeting Minutes.” Perspectives on Politics 17, no. 1 (2019): 28–46.Google Scholar
Eisinger, Peter K. The Politics of Displacement: Racial and Ethnic Transition in Three American Cities. New York: Academic Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Ellis, Christopher. “Social Context and Economic Biases in Representation.” The Journal of Politics 75, no. 3 (2013): 773–786.Google Scholar
Enamorado, Ted and Imai, Kosuke. “Validating Self-Reported Turnout by Linking Public Opinion Surveys with Administrative Records.” SSRN working paper (2018), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3217884.Google Scholar
Engstrom, Richard L. and McDonald, Michael D.. “The Election of Blacks to City Councils: Clarifying the Impact of Electoral Arrangements on the Seats/Population Relationship.” American Political Science Review 75, no. 2 (1981): 344–354.Google Scholar
Enns, Peter K. “Relative Policy Support and Coincidental Representation.” Perspectives on Politics 13, no. 4 (2015): 1053–1064.Google Scholar
Erikson, Robert S., Wright, Gerald C., and McIver, John P.. Statehouse Democracy: Public Opinion and Policy in the American States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Ezcurra, Roberto and Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés. “Can the Economic Impact of Political Decentralisation Be Measured?” Centre for Economic Policy Research (2011): https://ideas.repec.org/p/imd/wpaper/wp2011–02.html.Google Scholar
Fajnzylber, Pablo, Lederman, Daniel, and Loayza, Norman. “What Causes Violent Crime?” European Economic Review 46, no. 7 (2002): 1323–1357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferreira, Fernando and Gyourko, Joseph. “Do Political Parties Matter? Evidence from US Cities.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 124, no. 1 (2009): 399–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiorina, Morris P. Representatives, Roll Calls, and Constituencies. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 1974.Google Scholar
Fischel, William A. The Homevoter Hypothesis: How Home Values Influence Local Government Taxation, School Finance, and Land-Use Policies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Flavin, Patrick. “Income Inequality and Policy Representation in the American States.” American Politics Research 40, no. 1 (2012): 29–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Richard L. and Lawless, Jennifer L.. “To Run or Not to Run for Office: Explaining Nascent Political Ambition.” American Journal of Political Science 49, no. 3 (2005): 642–659.Google Scholar
Fraga, Bernard L. “Candidates or Districts? Reevaluating the Role of Race in Voter Turnout.” American Journal of Political Science 60, no. 1 (2016): 97–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraga, Bernard L. The Turnout Gap: Race, Ethnicity, and Political Inequality in a Diversifying America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Gerber, Elisabeth R. and Hopkins, Daniel J.. “When Mayors Matter: Estimating the Impact of Mayoral Partisanship on City Policy.” American Journal of Political Science 55, no. 2 (2011): 326–339.Google Scholar
Geronimus, Arline T. and Thompson, J. Phillip. “To Denigrate, Ignore, or Disrupt: Racial Inequality in Health and the Impact of a Policy-Induced Breakdown of African American Communities.” Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 1, no. 2 (2004): 247–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilens, Martin. Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Gilens, Martin. “Inequality and Democratic Responsiveness.” Public Opinion Quarterly 69, no. 5 (2005): 778–796.Google Scholar
Gilens, Martin. Affluence and Influence: Economic Inequality and Political Power in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Gilens, Martin. “The Insufficiency of ‘Democracy by Coincidence’: A Response to Peter K. Enns.” Perspectives on Politics 13, no. 4 (2015): 1065–1071.Google Scholar
Gilens, Martin and Page, Benjamin I.. “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.” Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (2014): 564–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillion, Daniel Q. “Protest and Congressional Behavior: Assessing Racial and Ethnic Minority Protests in the District.” The Journal of Politics 74, no. 4 (2012): 950–962.Google Scholar
Golder, Matt and Lloyd, Gabriella. “Re‐evaluating the Relationship between Electoral Rules and Ideological Congruence.” European Journal of Political Research 53, no. 1 (2014): 200–212.Google Scholar
Golder, Matt and Stramski, Jacek. “Ideological Congruence and Electoral Institutions.” American Journal of Political Science 54, no. 1 (2010): 90–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldin, Claudia and Katz, Lawrence F.. “The Origins of State-Level Differences in the Public Provision of Higher Education: 1890–1940.” The American Economic Review 88, no. 2 (1998): 303–308.Google Scholar
Griffin, John D. and Anewalt-Remsburg, Claudia. “Legislator Wealth and the Effort to Repeal the Estate Tax.” American Politics Research 41, no. 4 (2013): 599–622.Google Scholar
Griffin, John D. and Newman, Brian. “Are Voters Better Represented?” The Journal of Politics 67, no. 4 (2005): 1206–1227.Google Scholar
Griffin, John D. and Newman, Brian. “The Unequal Representation of Latinos and Whites.” The Journal of Politics 69, no. 4 (2007): 1032–1046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, John D. and Newman, Brian. Minority Report: Evaluating Political Equality in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grofman, Bernard and Davidson, Chandler. ‘‘The Effect of Municipal Election Structure on Black Representation in Eight Southern States.’’ In Quiet Revolution in the South, eds. Davidson, Chandler and Grofman, Bernard. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994. 301–334.Google Scholar
Grose, Christian. “Risk and Roll Calls: How Legislators’ Personal Finances Shape Congressional Decisions,” working paper (2013).Google Scholar
Guinier, Lani. “The Supreme Court, 1993 Term: [E]Racing Democracy: The Voting Rights Cases.” 108 Harvard Law Review 109 (1994): 109.Google Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S. and Pierson, Paul. Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer – And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010.Google Scholar
Hajnal, Zoltan L. America’s Uneven Democracy: Race, Turnout, and Representation in City Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hajnal, Zoltan L. and Horowitz, Jeremy D.. “Racial Winners and Losers in American Party Politics.” Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 1 (2014): 100–118.Google Scholar
Hajnal, Zoltan L. and Lewis, Paul G.. “Municipal Institutions and Voter Turnout in Local Elections.” Urban Affairs Review 38, no. 5 (2003): 645–668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hajnal, Zoltan L. and Trounstine, Jessica. “Where Turnout Matters: The Consequences of Uneven Turnout in City Politics.” The Journal of Politics 67, no. 2 (2005): 515–535.Google Scholar
Hajnal, Zoltan L. and Trounstine, Jessica. “Identifying and Understanding Perceived Inequities in Local Politics.” Political Research Quarterly 67, no. 1 (2014): 56–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hajnal, Zoltan L. and Trounstine, Jessica. “What Underlies Urban Politics? Race, Class, Ideology, Partisanship, and the Urban Vote.” Urban Affairs Review 50, no. 1 (2014): 63–99.Google Scholar
Hajnal, Zoltan L. and Trounstine, Jessica. “Race and Class Inequality in Local Politics.” In The Double Bind: The Politics of Racial and Class Inequalities in the Americas, eds. Hero, Rodney, Hooker, Juliet, and Tillery, Alvin B. Jr. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association, 2016.Google Scholar
Hayes, Danny and Lawless, Jennifer L.. “As Local News Goes, So Goes Citizen Engagement: Media, Knowledge, and Participation in US House Elections.” The Journal of Politics 77, no. 2 (2015): 447–462.Google Scholar
Hayes, Danny and Lawless, Jennifer L.. “The Decline of Local News and Its Effects: New Evidence from Longitudinal Data.” The Journal of Politics 80, no. 1 (2018): 332–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heilig, Peggy and Mundt, Robert J.. Your Voice at City Hall. New York: SUNY Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Hero, Rodney E. and Levy, Morris E.. “The Racial Structure of Inequality: Consequences for Welfare Policy in the United States.” Social Science Quarterly 99, no. 2 (2018): 459–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hersh, Eitan D. Hacking the Electorate: How Campaigns Perceive Voters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Hersh, Eitan D. Politics Is for Power: How to Move beyond Political Hobbyism, Take Action, and Make Real Change. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2020.Google Scholar
Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander, Mildenberger, Matto, and Stokes, Leah C.. “Legislative Staff and Representation in Congress.” American Political Science Review 113, no. 1 (2019): 1–18.Google Scholar
Hill, Kim Quaile and Leighley, Jan E.. “The Policy Consequences of Class Bias in State Electorates.” American Journal of Political Science 36, no. 2 (1992): 351–365.Google Scholar
Hill, Kim Quaile and Matsubayashi, Tetsuya. “Civic Engagement and Mass–Elite Policy Agenda Agreement in American Communities.” American Political Science Review 99, no. 2 (2005): 215–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holbrook, Thomas M. and Weinschenk, Aaron C.. “Campaigns, Mobilization, and Turnout in Mayoral Elections.” Political Research Quarterly 67, no. 1 (2014): 42–55.Google Scholar
Hopkins, Daniel J. and Pettingill, Lindsay M.. “Retrospective Voting in Big-City US Mayoral Elections.” Political Science Research and Methods 6, no. 4 (2018): 697–714.Google Scholar
Howell, Susan E. and Perry, Huey L.. “Black Mayors/White Mayors: Explaining Their Approval.” Public Opinion Quarterly 68, no. 1 (2004): 32–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackman, Simon and Spahn, Bradley. “Why Does the American National Election Study Overestimate Voter Turnout?” Political Analysis 27, no. 2 (2019): 193–207.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Lawrence R. and Page, Benjamin I.. “Who Influences US Foreign Policy?” American Political Science Review 99, no. 1 (2005): 107–123.Google Scholar
Jacoby, William G. “Ideological Identification and Issue Attitudes.” American Journal of Political Science 35, no. 1 (1991): 178–205.Google Scholar
James, Oliver and Moseley, Alice. “Does Performance Information about Public Services Affect Citizens’ Perceptions, Satisfaction, and Voice Behavior? Field Experiments with Absolute and Relative Performance Information.” Public Administration 92, no. 2 (2014): 493–511.Google Scholar
Jensen, Amalie, Marble, William, Scheve, Kenneth, and Slaughter, Mathew J.. “City Limits to Partisan Polarization in the American Public,” working paper, March 2019, https://williammarble.co/docs/CityLimits-Mar2019.pdf.Google Scholar
Jong-Sung, You and Khagram, Sanjeev. “A Comparative Study of Inequality and Corruption.” American Sociological Review 70, no. 1 (2005): 136–157.Google Scholar
Jost, John T. “The End of the End of Ideology.” American Psychologist 61, no. 7 (2006): 651–670.Google Scholar
Jost, John T., Federico, Christopher M., and Napier, Jaime L.. “Political Ideology: Its Structure, Functions, and Elective Affinities.” Annual Review of Psychology 60 (2009): 307–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalla, Joshua L. and Broockman, David E.. “Campaign Contributions Facilitate Access to Congressional Officials: A Randomized Field Experiment.” American Journal of Political Science 60, no. 3 (2016): 545–558.Google Scholar
Kang, Naewon and Kwak, Nojin. “A Multilevel Approach to Civic Participation: Individual Length of Residence, Neighborhood Residential Stability, and Their Interactive Effects with Media Use.” Communication Research 30, no. 1 (2003): 80–106.Google Scholar
Karnig, Albert K. “Black Representation on City Councils: The Impact of District Elections and Socioeconomic Factors.” Urban Affairs Quarterly 12, no. 2 (1976): 223–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karnig, Albert K. “Black Resources and City Council Representation.” Journal of Politics 41 (1979): 134–149.Google Scholar
Karnig, Albert K. and Walter, B. Oliver. “Decline in Municipal Voter Turnout: A Function of Changing Structure.” American Politics Quarterly 11, no. 4 (1983): 491–505.Google Scholar
Karnig, Albert K. and Welch., Susan Black Representation and Urban Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Karp, Jeffrey A. and Banducci, Susan A.. “When Politics Is Not Just a Man’s Game: Women’s Representation and Political Engagement.” Electoral Studies 27, no. 1 (2008): 105–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawachi, Ichiro and Kennedy, Bruce P.. “Socioeconomic Determinants of Health: Health and Social Cohesion: Why Care about Income Inequality?” British Medical Journal no. 314 (1997): 1037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelleher Palus, Christine. “Responsiveness in American Local Governments.” State and Local Government Review 42, no. 2 (2010): 133–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Key, V. O. Southern Politics. New York: Random House, 1949.Google Scholar
Klineberg, Stephen L. “Public Perceptions in Remarkable Times: Tracking Change through 24 Years of Houston Surveys.” Rice University Kinder Institute for Urban Research, March 1, 2005, https://kinder.rice.edu/research/public-perceptions-remarkable-times-tracking-change-through-24-years-houston-surveys.Google Scholar
Kraus, Michael W. and Callaghan, Bennett. “Noblesse Oblige? Social Status and Economic Inequality Maintenance among Politicians.” PLoS ONE 9, no. 1 (2014): 1–6.Google Scholar
La Raja, Raymond and Schaffner, Brian F.. Campaign Finance and Political Polarization: When Purists Prevail. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Ladd, Helen F. and Yinger, John. Ailing Cities: Fiscal Health and the Design of Urban Policy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Lawless, Jennifer L. Becoming a Candidate: Political Ambition and the Decision to Run for Office. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Lawless, Jennifer L. and Fox, Richard L.. It Still Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don’t Run for Office. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Leal, David L., Martinez-Ebers, Valerie, and Meier, Kenneth J.. “The Politics of Latino Education: The Biases of At-Large Elections.” The Journal of Politics 66, no. 4 (2004): 1224–1244.Google Scholar
Leighley, Jan E. and Nagler, Jonathan. Who Votes Now? Demographics, Issues, Inequality, and Turnout in the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. “Unequal Participation: Democracy’s Unresolved Dilemma: Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 1996.” American Political Science Review 91, no. 1 (1997): 1–14.Google Scholar
Lineberry, Robert L. and Fowler, Edmund P.. “Reformism and Public Policies in American Cities.” American Political Science Review 61, no. 3 (1967): 701–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lobao, Linda. “The Rising Importance of Local Government in the United States: Recent Research and Challenges for Sociology.” Sociology Compass 10, no. 10 (2016): 893–905.Google Scholar
Lublin, David. “Racial Redistricting and African-American Representation: A Critique of ‘Do Majority-Minority Districts Maximize Substantive Black Representation in Congress?’” The American Political Science Review 93, no. 1 (1999): 183–186.Google Scholar
Luttmer, Erso F. P. “Group Loyalty and the Taste of Redistribution.” Journal of Political Economy 109, no. 5 (2001): 500–528.Google Scholar
MacKuen, Michael B., Erikson, Robert S., Stimson, James A., and Knight, Kathleen. “Elections and the Dynamics of Ideological Representation.” In Electoral Democracy, eds. MacKuen, Michael B. and Rabinowitz, George. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003. 200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacManus, Susan A. “City Council Election Procedures and Minority Representation: Are They Related?” Social Science Quarterly 59 (1978): 153–161.Google Scholar
Mansbridge, Jane. “Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent ‘Yes.’” The Journal of Politics 61, no. 3 (1999): 628–657.Google Scholar
Marschall, Melissa and Lappie, John. “Turnout in Local Elections: Is Timing Really Everything?” Election Law Journal 17, no. 3 (2018): 221–233.Google Scholar
Marschall, Melissa J. and Ruhil, Anirudh V. S.. “Substantive Symbols: The Attitudinal Dimension of Black Political Incorporation in Local Government.” American Journal of Political Science 51, no. 1 (2007): 17–33.Google Scholar
Marschall, Melissa J., Ruhil, Anirudh V. S., and Shah, Paru R.. ‘‘The New Racial Calculus: Electoral Institutions and Black Representation in Local Legislatures.’’ American Journal of Political Science 54, no. 1 (2010): 107–124.Google Scholar
Martin, Gregory J. and McCrain, Joshua. “Local News and National Politics.” American Political Science Review 113, no. 2 (2019): 372–384.Google Scholar
Martin, Paul S. and Claibourn, Michele P.. “Citizen Participation and Congressional Responsiveness: New Evidence that Participation Matters.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 38, no. 1 (2013): 59–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, Liliana. Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Matsubayashi, Tetsuya and Rocha, Rene R.. “Racial Diversity and Public Policy in the States.” Political Research Quarterly 65, no. 3 (2012): 600–614.Google Scholar
Mayhew, David. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Mill, John Stuart. “On Liberty.” In Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, ed. Robson, J.. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997. 213–310.Google Scholar
Miller, Warren E. and Stokes, Donald E.. “Constituency Influence in Congress.” American Political Science Review 57, no. 1 (1963): 45–56.Google Scholar
Mladenka, Kenneth R. “Blacks and Hispanics in Urban Politics.” American Political Science Review 83, no. 1 (1989): 165–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mundt, Robert J. and Heilig, Peggy. ‘‘District Representation: Demands and Effects in the Urban South.’’ Journal of Politics 44, no. 4 (1982): 1035–1048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nazroo, James Y. “The Structuring of Ethnic Inequalities in Health: Economic Position, Racial Discrimination, and Racism.” American Journal of Public Health 93, no. 2 (2003): 277–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niven, David. “The Mobilization Solution? Face-to-Face Contact and Voter Turnout in a Municipal Election.” The Journal of Politics 66, no. 3 (2004): 868–884.Google Scholar
Nivola, Pietro S. Tense Commandments: Federal Prescriptions and City Problems. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Oliver, J. Eric. Democracy in Suburbia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Oliver, J. Eric, Ha, Shang E., and Callen, Zachary. Local Elections and the Politics of Small-Scale Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Page, Benjamin I., Bartels, Larry M., and Seawright, Jason. “Democracy and the Policy Preferences of Wealthy Americans.” Perspectives on Politics 11, no. 1 (2013): 51–73.Google Scholar
Panagopoulos, Costas. “Positive Social Pressure and Prosocial Motivation: Evidence from a Large‐Scale Field Experiment on Voter Mobilization.” Political Psychology 34, no. 2 (2013): 265–275.Google Scholar
Pantoja, Adrian D. and Segura, Gary M.. “Does Ethnicity Matter? Descriptive Representation in Legislatures and Political Alienation among Latinos.” Social Science Quarterly 84, no. 2 (2003): 441–460.Google Scholar
Paolino, Phillip. “Group-Salient Issues and Group Representation: Support for Women Candidates in the 1992 Senate Elections.” American Journal of Political Science no. 2 (1995): 294–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, Paul E. City Limits. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Peterson, Paul E. The Price of Federalism. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Phillips, Anne. The Politics of Presence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Phillips, Anne. ‘‘Democracy and Representation: Or, Why Should It Matter Who Our Representatives are?’’ In Feminism and Politics, ed. Phillips, Anne. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. 224–241.Google Scholar
Piston, Spencer. “How Explicit Racial Prejudice Hurt Obama in the 2008 Election.” Political Behavior 32, no. 4 (2010): 431–451.Google Scholar
Pitkin, Hanna F. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Polinard, Jerry, Wrinkle, Robert, and Longoria, Tomas. “The Impact of District Elections on the Mexican American Community: The Electoral Perspective.” Social Science Quarterly 72, no. 3 (1991): 608–614.Google Scholar
Poterba, James M. “Demographic Structure and the Political Economy of Public Education.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 16, no. 1 (1997): 48–66.Google Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham Jr.. “The Ideological Congruence Controversy: The Impact of Alternative Measures, Data, and Time Periods on the Effects of Election Rules.” Comparative Political Studies 42, no. 12 (2009): 1475–1497.Google Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham Jr.. “Representation in Context: Election Laws and Ideological Congruence between Citizens and Governments.” Perspectives on Politics 11, no. 1 (2013): 9–21.Google Scholar
Preuhs, Robert R. “The Conditional Effects of Minority Descriptive Representation: Black Legislators and Policy Influence in the American States.” The Journal of Politics 68, no. 3 (2006): 585–599.Google Scholar
Preuhs, Robert R. “Descriptive Representation as a Mechanism to Mitigate Policy Backlash: Latino Incorporation and Welfare Policy in the American States.” Political Research Quarterly 60, no. 2 (2007): 277–292.Google Scholar
Preuhs, Robert R. and Hero, Rodney E.. “A Different Kind of Representation: Black and Latino Descriptive Representation and the Role of Ideological Cuing.” Political Research Quarterly 64, no. 1 (2011): 157–171.Google Scholar
Prior, Markus. Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes Elections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. “E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty‐First Century: The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture.” Scandinavian Political Studies 30, no. 2 (2007): 137–174.Google Scholar
Rae, Douglas W. City: Urbanism and Its End. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Rahn, Wendy M. and Rudolph, Thomas J.. “A Tale of Political Trust in American Cities.” Public Opinion Quarterly 69, no. 4 (2005): 530–560.Google Scholar
Rhodes, Jesse H. “Learning Citizenship? How State Education Reforms Affect Parents’ Political Attitudes and Behavior.” Political Behavior 37, no. 1 (2015): 181–220.Google Scholar
Rhodes, Jesse H. and Schaffner, Brian F.. 2017. “Testing Models of Unequal Representation: Democratic Populists and Republican Oligarchs?” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 12, no. 2 (2017): 185–204.Google Scholar
Rhodes, Jesse H., Schaffner, Brian F., and McElwee, Sean. “Is America More Divided by Race or Class? Race, Income, and Attitudes among Whites, African Americans, and Latinos.” The Forum 15, no. 1 (2017): 71–91.Google Scholar
Rigby, Elizabeth and Wright, Gerald C.. “Political Parties and Representation of the Poor in the American States.” American Journal of Political Science 57, no. 3 (2013): 552–565.Google Scholar
Rocha, Rene R., Tolbert, Caroline J., Bowen, Daniel C., and Clark, Christopher J.. “Race and Turnout: Does Descriptive Representation in State Legislatures Increase Minority Voting?” Political Research Quarterly 63, no. 4 (2010): 890–907.Google Scholar
Rosenstone, Steven J. and Hansen, John Mark. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993.Google Scholar
Rubado, Meghan E. and Jennings, Jay T.. “Political Consequences of the Endangered Local Watchdog: Newspaper Decline and Mayoral Elections in the United States,” Urban Affairs Review (2019), https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087419838058.Google Scholar
Sances, Michael W. “When Voters Matter: The Growth and Limits of Local Government Responsiveness,” working paper, August 2, 2017, https://astro.temple.edu/~tul67793/papers/polarization.pdf.Google Scholar
Sances, Michael W. and You, Hye Young. “Who Pays for Government? Descriptive Representation and Exploitative Revenue Sources.” The Journal of Politics 79, no. 3 (2017): 1090–1094.Google Scholar
Sapiro, Virginia. “When Are Interests Interesting? The Problem of Political Representation of Women.”American Political Science Review 75, no. 3 (1981): 701–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sass, Tim R. and Mehay, Stephen L.. “The Voting Rights Act, District Elections, and the Success of Black Candidates in Municipal Elections.” The Journal of Law & Economics 38, no. 2 (1995): 367–392.Google Scholar
Sass, Tim R. and Mehay, Stephen L.. “Minority Representation, Election Method, and Policy Influence.” Economics & Politics 15, no. 3 (2003): 323–339.Google Scholar
Sass, Tim R. and Pittman, Bobby J.. “The Changing Impact of Electoral Structure on Black Representation in the South, 1970–1996.” Public Choice 104, nos. 3–4 (2000): 369–388.Google Scholar
Schaffner, Brian F. and Streb, Matthew J.. “The Partisan Heuristic in Low-Information Elections.” Public Opinion Quarterly 66, no. 4 (2002): 559–581.Google Scholar
Schaffner, Brian F., Streb, Matthew, and Wright, Gerald. “Teams without Uniforms: the Nonpartisan Ballot in State and Local Elections.” Political Research Quarterly 54, no. 1 (2001): 7–30.Google Scholar
Schlozman, Kay Lehman, Verba, Sidney, and Brady, Henry E.. The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam and Garrido, Miguel. “Do Newspapers Matter? Short-Run and Long-Run Evidence from the Closure of The Cincinnati Post.” Journal of Media Economics 26, no. 2 (2013): 60–81.Google Scholar
Scrugg, Lyle and Hayes, Thomas J.. “The Influence of Inequality on Welfare Generosity: Evidence from the US States.” Politics & Society 45, no. 1 (2017): 35–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shah, Paru. “Racing toward Representation: A Hurdle Model of Latino Incorporation.” American Politics Research 38, no. 1 (2010): 84–109.Google Scholar
Shah, Paru R., Marschall, Melissa J., and Ruhil, Anirudh V. S.. “Are We There Yet? The Voting Rights Act and Black Representation on City Councils, 1981–2006.” Journal of Politics 75, no. 4 (2013): 993–1008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaker, Lee. “Dead Newspapers and Citizens’ Civic Engagement.” Political Communication 31, no. 1 (2014): 131–148.Google Scholar
Shor, Boris and McCarty, Nolan. “The Ideological Mapping of American Legislatures.” American Political Science Review 105, no. 3 (2011): 530–551.Google Scholar
Solt, Frederick. “Economic Inequality and Democratic Political Engagement.” American Journal of Political Science 52, no. 1 (2008): 48–60.Google Scholar
Solt, Frederick. “Does Economic Inequality Depress Electoral Participation? Testing the Schattschneider Hypothesis.” Political Behavior 32, no. 2 (2010): 285–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soroka, Stuart N. and Wlezien, Christopher. “On the Limits to Inequality in Representation.” PS: Political Science & Politics 41, no. 2 (2008): 319–327.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, Joseph E. “Inequality and Economic Growth.” In Rethinking Capitalism, eds. Jacobs, Michael and Mazzucato, Mariana. Chichester: Wiley, 2016. 134–155.Google Scholar
Stimson, James A., MacKuen, Michael B., and Erikson, Robert S.. “Dynamic Representation.” American Political Science Review 89, no. 3 (1995): 543–565.Google Scholar
Straayer, John A., Wrinkle, Robert D., and Polinard, Jerry L.. State and Local Politics. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Taebel, Delbert. “Minority Representation on City Councils: The Impact of Structure on Blacks and Hispanics.” Social Science Quarterly 59, no. 1 (1978): 142–152.Google Scholar
Tausanovitch, Chris and Warshaw, Christopher. “Measuring Constituent Policy Preferences in Congress, State Legislatures, and Cities.” The Journal of Politics 75, no. 2 (2013): 330–342.Google Scholar
Tausanovitch, Chris and Warshaw, Christopher. “Representation in Municipal Government.” American Political Science Review 108, no. 3 (2014): 605–641.Google Scholar
Tesler, Michael. Post-Racial or Most-Racial? Race and Politics in the Obama Era. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Tiebout, Charles M. “A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures.” Journal of Political Economy 64, no. 5 (1956): 416–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Tocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America. New York: Regnery Publishing, 2003.Google Scholar
Trebbi, Francesco, Aghion, Philippe, and Alesina, Alberto. “Electoral Rules and Minority Representation in US Cities.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 123, no. 1 (2008): 325–357.Google Scholar
Trounstine, Jessica. “Representation and Accountability in Cities.” Annual Review of Political Science 13 (2010): 407–423.Google Scholar
Trounstine, Jessica. “Segregation and Inequality in Public Goods.” American Journal of Political Science 60, no. 3 (2016): 709–725.Google Scholar
Trounstine, Jessica and Valdini, Melody E.. “The Context Matters: The Effects of Single‐Member versus At‐Large Districts on City Council Diversity.” American Journal of Political Science 52, no. 3 (2008): 554–569.Google Scholar
Ura, Joseph Daniel and Ellis, Christopher R.. “Income, Preferences, and the Dynamics of Policy Responsiveness.” PS: Political Science & Politics 41, no. 4 (2008): 785–794.Google Scholar
Uslaner, Eric M. and Rothstein, Bo. “The Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.” Comparative Politics 48, no. 2 (2016): 227–248.Google Scholar
van Holm, Eric Joseph. “Unequal Cities, Unequal Participation: The Effect of Income Inequality on Civic Engagement.” The American Review of Public Administration 49, no. 2 (2019): 135–144.Google Scholar
Van Ryzin, Gregg G., Muzzio, Douglas, and Immerwahr, Stephen. “Explaining the Race Gap in Satisfaction with Urban Services.” Urban Affairs Review 39, no. 5 (2004): 613–632.Google Scholar
Verba, Sidney. “Would the Dream of Political Equality Turn Out to Be a Nightmare?” Perspectives on Politics 1, no. 4 (2003): 663–679.Google Scholar
Verba, Sidney, Schlozman, Kay Lehman, and Brady, Henry E.. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Voorheis, John, McCarty, Nolan, and Shor, Boris. “Unequal Incomes, Ideology and Gridlock: How Rising Inequality Increases Political Polarization,” SSRN paper, August 21, 2015, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2649215.Google Scholar
Warshaw, Christopher. “Local Elections and Representation in the United States.” Annual Review of Political Science (2019), https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-071108.Google Scholar
Weaver, Vesla M. “The Electoral Consequences of Skin Color: The ‘Hidden’ Side of Race in Politics.” Political Behavior 34, no. 1 (2012): 159–192.Google Scholar
Welch, Susan. “The Impact of At-Large Elections on the Representation of Blacks and Hispanics.” The Journal of Politics 52, no. 4 (1990): 1050–1076.Google Scholar
Welch, Susan and Bledsoe, Timothy. Urban Reform and Its Consequences: A Study in Representation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Whitby, Kenny J. “The Effect of Black Descriptive Representation on Black Electoral Turnout in the 2004 Elections.” Social Science Quarterly 88, no. 4 (2007): 1010–1023.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Richard G. and Pickett, Kate E.. “Income Inequality and Population Health: A Review and Explanation of the Evidence.” Social Science & Medicine 62, no. 7 (2006): 1768–1784.Google Scholar
Winters, Jeffrey A. and Page, Benjamin I.. “Oligarchy in the United States?” Perspectives on Politics 7, no. 4 (2009): 731–751.Google Scholar
Wright, Gerald C. and Schaffner, Brian F.. “The Influence of Party: Evidence from the State Legislatures.” American Political Science Review 96, no. 2 (2002): 367–379.Google Scholar
Wrinkle, Robert D. and Polinard, Jerry L.. “Structural Choices and Representational Biases: The Post‐Election Color of Representation.” American Journal of Political Science 49, no. 4 (2005): 758–768.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×