Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T02:04:34.587Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part II - Country-Specific Admissions Practices

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 January 2020

María Elena Oliveri
Affiliation:
Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey
Cathy Wendler
Affiliation:
Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey
Get access

Summary

For many countries, ensuring a well-educated population is a top priority. Higher levels of education result in benefits to both individuals and society at large. College admissions generally reflect societal values of a country. The underlying philosophy regarding who should be allowed to go to college or university, the criteria believed to be importantin determining which applicants get in and which do not, and how fairness and diversity are perceived often contribute to the shape of admissions procedures. The chapters in this section detail country-specific higher education admissions practices for a sample of countries and address a number of common themes such as access to college, diversity and fairness, and the validity of decision-making criteria.

Type
Chapter
Information
Higher Education Admissions Practices
An International Perspective
, pp. 119 - 232
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Carnevale, A. P., Rose, S. J., & Cheah, B. (2011). The college payoff: Education, occupations, lifetime earnings. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce.Google Scholar
Trostel, P. (2015). It’s not just the money. Indianapolis: IN: Lumina Foundation. Retrieved from www.luminafoundation.org/files/resources/its-not-just-the-money.pdf.Google Scholar

References

African Union Commission. (2014). AU Outlook on Education Report. Arab Maghreb Union. Addis Ababa: African Union Commission.Google Scholar
Anyan, J. (2016). Persistent elitism in access to higher education in Ghana. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Helsinki.Google Scholar
Caerus Capital. (2018). The business of education in Africa. Retrieved from https://edafricareport.caeruscapital.co/.Google Scholar
Clark, N. (2015). A common anglophone curriculum under the West African Examinations Council. World Education News + Reviews. Retrieved from https://wenr.wes.org/2015/03/common-anglophone-curriculum-west-african-examinations-council.Google Scholar
Dahir, A. L. (2017, January). Africa has too few universities for its fast-growing population. Retrieved from https://qz.com/africa/878513/university-education-is-still-a-dream-many-in-africa-are-yet-to-attain.Google Scholar
Darvas, P., Gao, S., Shen, Y., & Bawany, B. (2017). Sharing higher education’s promise beyond the few in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1050-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Economic Community of West African States. (2003). ECOWAS Protocol A/P3/1/03 on education and training. ECOWAS, Department of Education, Culture, Science and Technology. Retrieved from www.esc.comm.ecowas.int/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/protocol-on-education-and-training1.pdf.Google Scholar
European Commission. (2017a). Overview of the higher education system: Algeria. Brussels: Education, Audiovisual, and Culture Executive Agency.Google Scholar
European Commission. (2017b). Overview of the higher education system: Egypt. Brussels: Education, Audiovisual, and Culture Executive Agency.Google Scholar
European Commission. (2017c). Overview of the higher education system: Libya. Brussels: European Union, Education, Audiovisual, and Culture Executive Agency.Google Scholar
European Commission. (2017d). Overview of the higher education system: Mauritania. Brussels: European Union, Education, Audiovisual, and Culture Executive Agency.Google Scholar
European Commission. (2017e). Overview of the higher education system: Morocco. Brussels: European Union, Education, Audiovisual, and Culture Executive Agency.Google Scholar
European Commission. (2017f). Overview of the higher education system: Tunisia. Brussels: European Union, Education, Audiovisual, and Culture Executive Agency.Google Scholar
Gioan, A. P. (2008). Higher education in francophone Africa: What tools can be used to support financially sustainable policies? Washington, DC: World Bank. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7470-2.Google Scholar
Hammoud, R. (2010). Admission policies and procedures in Arab Universities. In Lamine, B. (Ed.). Towards an Arab higher education space: International challenges and societal responsibilities. Proceedings of the Arab regional conference on higher education (pp. 6992). Beirut: UNESCO Office Beirut and Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States.Google Scholar
Kanyip, B. P. (2013). Admission crises in Nigerian universities: The challenges youth and parents face in seeking admission (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/1908/.Google Scholar
Kazeem, Y. (2017). Only one in four Nigerians applying to university will get a spot. Quartz Africa. Retrieved from https://qz.com/africa/915618/only-one-in-four-nigerians-applying-to-university-will-get-a-spot/.Google Scholar
Kenya Universities and Colleges Central Placement Services. (2014). Placement policy. Retrieved from www.kuccps.net/sites/default/files/Placement%20Policy%20Aug.pdf.Google Scholar
Kenya Universities and Colleges Central Placement Services. (2016). Admission of 10,000 government sponsored students to degree courses in private universities. Retrieved from www.kuccps.net/?q=content/admission-10000-government-sponsored-students-degree-courses-private-universities.Google Scholar
Ligami, C. (2017, October 19). Authorities tighten rules for foreign student admissions. University World News. Retrieved from www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20171018093135418.Google Scholar
Mohamedbhai, G. (2017, May 17). Institutional massification in African universities [Blog post]. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from www.insidehighered.com/blogs/world-view/institutional-massification-african-universities.Google Scholar
Moti, U. G. (2010). The challenges of access to university education in Nigeria. DSM Business Review 2 (2), 2756.Google Scholar
Nakweya, G. (2018, February 23). Kenya: University admissions reform: What effect will it have? University World News, 4, 494. Retrieved from www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=2018022009222839.Google Scholar
Oshemughen, H. O., & Oghuvbu, E. P. (2013). Implications of scrapping JAMB and UTME from tertiary education admission process: The educational administrators’ perspective. Academic Research International, 4(4), 469476. Retrieved from www.savap.org.pk/journals/ARInt./Vol.4(4)/2013(4.4-50).pdf.Google Scholar
Oxford Business Group. (2016). Future developments and systemic reforms for Kenya’s education sector. Retrieved from https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/improving-access-and-quality-education-has-been-promoted-key-sector-future-development-and.Google Scholar
Pansiri, B. M., & Sinkamba, R. (2017). Advocating for standards in student affairs departments in African Institutions: University of Botswana experience. Journal of Student Affairs in Africa, 5(1), 5162. Retrieved from www.journals.ac.za/index.php/jsaa/article/view/2482.Google Scholar
Republic of Kenya. (2012). Universities Act No. 42 of 2012. Retrieved from www.education.go.ke/index.php/downloads/file/91-the-universities-act-no-42-of-2012.Google Scholar
Republic of Tanzania. (2013). The Universities Act. Retrieved from www.tcu.go.tz/images/documents/GN%20226-%20UNIVERSITIES%20GENERAL%20REGULATIONS(1).pdf.Google Scholar
Republic of Uganda. (2001). Universities and Other Tertiary Institutions Act. Retrieved from https://ulii.org/system/files/legislation/act/2001/2001/universities%20and%20tertiary%20institutions%20Act%202001.pdf.Google Scholar
Republic of Uganda. (2017). Ministry of Education and Sports admission guidelines to universities. Retrieved from www.education.go.ug/.Google Scholar
Republic of Uganda. (2018). Information on public universities admissions, 2016/2017 academic year. Retrieved from https://news.mak.ac.ug/sites/default/files/downloads/MoES-Mak-AR-PUJAB-Notes-To-Schools-2017-18-FULL.pdf.Google Scholar
Tanzania Commission for Universities. (2018). Revised admissions guidebook for 2018/2019 form six applicants. Retrieved from www.tcu.go.tz/images/documents/Revised_AdmissionGuidebook_2018_F6_8_10_2018.pdf.Google Scholar
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics. (2010). Trends in tertiary education in sub-Saharan Africa. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/fs10-trends-in-tertiary-education-sub-saharan-africa-2010-en.pdf.Google Scholar
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics. (2015). Sub-Saharan Africa: School enrollment, tertiary (% gross). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR?locations=ZG.Google Scholar
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics. (2019). Tertiary enrolment: World development indicators. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/se.ter.enrr.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2013). Expenditure per student, tertiary (% of GDP per capita). Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TERT.PC.ZS.Google Scholar

References

Abud, V. (2013, January 6). Los diez años de la PSU: Crónica de un daño anunciado [The ten years of PSU: Chronicle of an announced damage]. El Mercurio, p. A2.Google Scholar
Agencia de la Calidad de la Educación (2016). Panorama de la educación media técnico profesional en Chile [Overview of the secondary technical–professional education in Chile]. Retrieved from http://archivos.agenciaeducacion.cl.Google Scholar
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
Atkinson, R. (2002). Achievement versus aptitude in college admission. Issues in Science and Technology, 18(2), 3136.Google Scholar
Beyer, H. (2002a, April 25). Sobre las pruebas de ingreso a las universidades [About college entrance tests]. El Mercurio, p. A2.Google Scholar
Beyer, H. (2002b, May 3). Nuevas pruebas de ingreso a la universidad [New college entrance tests). El Mercurio, p. A2.Google Scholar
Beyer, H. (2007, January 17). Equidad en la PSU [Fairness in the PSU]. El Mercurio, p. A2.Google Scholar
Beyer, H. (2009). Igualdad de oportunidades y selección a las universidades. Puntos de referencia, 303 [Equality of opportunities and selection to the universities. Reference points, 303]. Santiago: Centro de Estudios Públicos. Retrieved from www.cepchile.cl.Google Scholar
Beyer, H. (2013, January 15). Beyer califica al sistema de admisión a universidades de “una locura” y dice que ranking de notas se aplicó “sin protocolo” [Beyer describes the system of admission to universities as “crazy” and says that ranking of grades was applied “with no protocol”]. La Tercera, p. 26.Google Scholar
Bravo, D., Bosch, A., del Pino, G., Donoso, G., & Manzi, J. (2010a). Validez diferencial y sesgo de predictividad de las pruebas de admisión a las universidades chilenas [Differential validity and prediction bias in the Chilean university admissions tests]. Santiago: Comité Técnico Asesor, Consejo de Rectores de las Universidades Chilenas.Google Scholar
Bravo, D., del Pino, G., Donoso, G., Hawes, G., Manzi, J., & Martínez, M. (2005). Resultados de la aplicación de pruebas de selección universitaria admisión 2004 [Results of the application of university selection admissions tests 2004]. Santiago: Comité Técnico Asesor, Consejo de Rectores de las Universidades Chilenas.Google Scholar
Bravo, D., del Pino, G., Donoso, G., Manzi, J., Martínez, M., & Pizarro, R. (2008). Resultados de la aplicación de pruebas de selección universitaria admisión 2006–2008 [Results of the application of university selection admissions tests 2006–2008]. Santiago: Comité Técnico Asesor, Consejo de Rectores de las Universidades Chilenas.Google Scholar
Bravo, D., del Pino, G., Donoso, G., Manzi, J., Martínez, M., & Pizarro, R. (2010b). Resultados de la aplicación de pruebas de selección universitaria admisiones 2006–2010 [Results of the application of university selection admissions tests 2006–2010]. Santiago: Comité Técnico Asesor, Consejo de Rectores de las Universidades Chilenas.Google Scholar
Brighouse, H., Ladd, H., Loeb, S., & Swift, A. (2018). Educational goods: Values, evidence and decision-making. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226514208.001.0001.Google Scholar
Buckendahl, C., & Hunt, R. (2005). Whose rules? The relation between the “rules” and the “laws” of testing. In Phelps, R. (Ed.). Defending standardized testing (pp. 147158). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Castro, R. (2006, December 12). Evaluación de la PSU [Evaluation of the PSU]. El Mercurio, p. A2.Google Scholar
Centro de Estudios Mineduc. (2013). Implementación del currículum de enseñanza media en Chile [Implementation of the Chilean high school curriculum]. Serie Evidencias, 2(21). Retrieved from https://centroestudios.mineduc.cl/wp-content/uploads/sites/100/2017/06/A2N21_Curriculum_EMedia.pdf.Google Scholar
Comisión Nuevo Currículum de la Enseñanza Media y Pruebas del Sistema de Admisión a la Educación Superior. (2000). Informe sometido en consulta previa a la Ministra de Educación [Commission for the new curriculum for secondary education and tests for higher education]. Report submitted in consultation with the Minister of Education. Unpublished document.Google Scholar
Demoledor informe sobre la PSU desata presión por cambios. (2013, February 1). [Demolishing report on PSU unleashes pressure for changes]. La Tercera, pp. 1, 8, 9.Google Scholar
El Diario Austral de Valdivia (2002, July 21). El SIES comenzará a ser aplicado a contar del 2003 [The new system of admission to higher education will be administered starting from 2003]. Retrieved from www.australvaldivia.cl/site/edic/20020721080919/pags/20020721083134.html.Google Scholar
Echecopar, R. (2013). Egresados de la educación media técnico-profesional en Chile: Articulación con la educación superior y efectos de la implementación de la PSU [Graduates of Chile’s TP high school education: Articulation with higher education and the effects of the implementation of the PSU]. Thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.Google Scholar
The Economist (2013, April 18). Beyer gets the boot: A good minister is sacked apparently for political reasons. Retrieved from www.economist.com/americas-view/2013/04/18/beyer-gets-the-boot.Google Scholar
Eyzaguirre, B., & Lefoulon, C. (2002). El SIES: Un proyecto prematuro [The SIES: A premature project]. Revista Estudios Públicos, 87, 3953.Google Scholar
Gale, D., & Shapley, L. S. (1962). College admission and the stability of marriage. American Mathematical Monthly, 69, 914. https://doi.org/10.1080/00029890.1962.11989827.Google Scholar
Grondona, M., & Luz, C. (2016, January 24). El Organismo que elabora la PSU en la mira de los expertos [The Organization that prepares the PSU in the spotlight of the experts]. El Mercurio, p. D7.Google Scholar
Guzmán, J. A. (2013). El cambio de la PAA a PSU fue liderado por gente con militancia política, pero nadie experto en evaluación ni en educación [The change from the PAA to the PSU was led by individuals with political militance, but none of them experts in evaluation nor in education]. Ciper Chile. Retrieved from https://ciperchile.cl/2013/02/13/%E2%80%9Cel-cambio-de-la-paa-a-psu-fue-liderado-por-gente-con-militancia-politica-pero-nadie-experto-en-evaluacion-ni-en-educacion%E2%80%9D/.Google Scholar
Heyneman, S. (1987). Uses of examinations in developing countries: Selection, research, and education sector management. International Journal of Educational Development, 7, 251263. https://doi.org/10.1016/0738-0593(87)90023-X.Google Scholar
Heyneman, S., & Fagerlind, I. (Eds.). (1988). University examinations and standardized testing principles, experience, and policy options (World Bank Technical Paper No. 78). Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
International Test Commission (2013). ITC guidelines on test use. Retrieved from www.intestcom.org/files/guideline_test_use.pdfGoogle Scholar
Koljatic, M., & Silva, M. (2006). Equity issues associated with the change of college admission tests in Chile. Equal Opportunities International, 25, 544561. https://doi.org/10.1108/02610150610714385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koljatic, M., & Silva, M. (2010). Algunas reflexiones a siete años de la implementación de la PSU [Some reflections seven years after the implementation of the PSU]. Estudios Públicos, 210, 125146.Google Scholar
Koljatic, M., & Silva, M. (2011). Acceso y equidad en las demandas estudiantiles [Access and equity in student demands]. Administración y Economía UC, 71, 2429 Retrieved from https://issuu.com/economiayadministracionuc/docs/revista_a_e_n__71.Google Scholar
Koljatic, M., Silva, M., & Cofré, R. (2012). Achievement versus aptitude in college admission: A cautionary note based on evidence from Chile. International Journal of Educational Development, 33, 106115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2012.03.001.Google Scholar
Labarca, R. (2002, December 4) Al Simce lo que es del Simce y a la PAA lo que es de la PAA. [Simce and PAA: To each its own]. El Mostrador. Retrieved from www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/opinion/2002/04/12/al-simce-lo-que-es-del-simce-y-a-la-paa-lo-que-es-de-la-paa/?php%20bloginfo(%27url%27);%20?%3E/cultura.Google Scholar
Manzi, J., Bravo, D., del Pino, G., Donoso, G., Martínez, M., & Pizarro, R. (2006). Estudio acerca de la validez predictiva de los factores de selección a las universidades del Consejo de Rectores [Study about the predictive validity of the selection factors to the universities of the Council of Rectors]. Santiago: Comité Técnico Asesor, Consejo de Rectores de las Universidades Chilenas.Google Scholar
Manzi, J., Bravo, D., del Pino, G., Donoso, G., Martínez, M., & Pizarro, R. (2008). Estudio acerca de la validez predictiva de los factores de selección a las universidades del Consejo de Rectores, Admisiones 2003 a 2006 [Study about the predictive validity of the selection factors to the universities of the Council of Rectors, Admissions 2003 to 2006]. Santiago: Comité Técnico Asesor, Consejo de Rectores de las Universidades Chilenas.Google Scholar
Melo, F. (2013, March 11). Beyer responde a rectores sobre rechazo a propuesta PSU: “Se están defendiendo intereses corporativos” [Beyer replies to rectors about PSU proposal refusal: “This is a corporate defense of their interests”]. La Tercera. Retrieved from www.latercera.com/noticia/beyer-responde-a-rectores-sobre-rechazo-a-propuesta-psu-se-estan-defendiendo-intereses-corporativos/Google Scholar
Minuta Reunión de Trabajo Gabinete Sra. Ministra de Educación. (2001, June 25). Minuta anexada a Acta 431 del CRUCH [Minutes from a work meeting at the office of the Minister of Education, Document attached to CRUCh Session 431].Google Scholar
Muñoz, A. (2012, September 17). Denuncia por PSU en Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos [Complaint by PSU in the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]. El Mercurio, p. C4.Google Scholar
Muñoz, D., & Yevenes, P. (2018, June 1). Rectores critican al DEMRE por presiones para cambiar la PSU [Rectors criticize DEMRE for pressure to change the PSU]. La Tercera, p. 22.Google Scholar
National Association for College Counseling. (2008). Report of the Commission on the Use of Standardized Tests in Undergraduate Admission. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED502721.pdf.Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development & World Bank. (2009). Tertiary education in Chile: Reviews of national policies for education. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Pearson Education. (2013, January 22). Evaluation of the Chile PSU-final report. Retrieved from www.educacion2020.cl/sites/default/files/201301311057540.chile_psu-finalreport.pdf.Google Scholar
Phelps, R. (2014). Evaluaciones de gran escala en Chile: ¿Son necesarias? [Large-scale evaluations in Chile: Are they necessary?]. Retrieved from https://ciperchile.cl/2014/02/06/evaluaciones-educacionales-de-gran-escala-en-chile-%C2%BFson-necesarias/.Google Scholar
Prado, S. (2008, August 18). PSU, predicción y transparencia [PSU, prediction and transparency]. El Mercurio, p. A2.Google Scholar
La Segunda. (2013, January 31). Informe revela que PSU tiene severas fallas y no cumple estándares internacionales. [Report reveals that PSU has severe failures and does not meet international standards], p. 2.Google Scholar
Stufflebeam, D. (2001). Evaluation models. New Directions for Program Evaluation, 2001(89), 798. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.3.Google Scholar
Swanson, R. (1997). The politics of standardized testing. Retrieved from https://images.pearsonassessments.com/images/NES_Publications/1997_13Swanson_380_1.pdf.Google Scholar
Urzúa, R. (2002). La U y la USACH tomarán PAA en admisión 2003 [The U and the USACH will take PAA in admission 2003]. Las Últimas Noticias, 6.Google Scholar
Varas, L. (2018, July). Bringing about changes in national admission tests. Paper presented at the 11th Conference of the International Test Commission, Montreal, Canada.Google Scholar
Vargas, G. (2009, February 2). PSU y la educación técnica [PSU and technical education]. El Mercurio, p. A2.Google Scholar
Venegas Ovalle v. Chile. (2018). Case 13,575, Inter American Commission on Human Rights.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2001). Implementation completion report (CPl‐38830; SCL 38836) on a loan in the amount of U.S. $35 million to the republic of Chile for a CLl‐secondary education (Report No. 22979). Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/469921468239115337/pdf/multi0page.pdf.Google Scholar
Yevenes, P. (2018, August 31). CRUCh revierte medida que restringía entrega de datos de postulantes a Ues [CRUCh reverses measure that restricted delivery of data from applicants to Universities]. Retrieved from www.latercera.com/nacional/noticia/psu-cruch-revierte-medida-restringia-entrega-datos-postulantes-ues/302016/.Google Scholar

References

American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council of Measurement in Education. (1999). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council of Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
Brown, G.T.L., & Michaelides, M.P. (2011). Ecological rationality in teachers’ conceptions of assessment across samples from Cyprus and New Zealand. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 26, 319337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212–010-0052-3.Google Scholar
Camilli, G. (2006). Test fairness. In Brennan, R. L. (Ed.). Educational measurement (4th ed.) (pp. 221256). Westport, CT: American Council on Education.Google Scholar
Educational Testing Service. (2017). Fairness guidelines. Retrieved from www.ets.org/about/fairness/guidelines.Google Scholar
Haertel, E. H. (2013). How is testing supposed to improve schooling? Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives, 11, 118. https://doi.org/10.1080/15366367.2013.783752.Google Scholar
Kane, M. T. (2013). Validating the interpretations and uses of test scores. Journal of Educational Measurement, 50, 173. https://doi.org/10.1111/jedm.12000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klinger, D. A., & Rogers, W. T. (2011). Teachers’ perceptions of large-scale assessment programs within low-stakes accountability frameworks. International Journal of Testing, 11, 122143. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2011.552748.Google Scholar
Lamprianou, I. (2009). Comparability of examination standards between subjects: An international perspective. Oxford Review of Education, 35, 205226. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054980802649360.Google Scholar
Lamprianou, I. (2012). Unintended consequences of forced policy-making in high stakes examinations: The case of the Republic of Cyprus. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 19, 2744. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2011.608348.Google Scholar
Messick, S. (1989). Validity. In Linn, R. L. (Ed.). Educational measurement (3rd ed.) (pp. 13103). New York, NY: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Michaelides, M. P. (2010, July). High stakes assessments and their impact as perceived by high school teachers. Poster session presented at the Seventh Conference of the International Test Commission, Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Michaelides, M. P. (2014). Validity considerations ensuing from examinees’ perceptions about high-stakes national examinations in Cyprus. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 21, 427441. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2014.916655.Google Scholar
Michaelides, M. P. & Solomonidou, G. (2019). Factorial structure, gender invariance and predictive validity of the students’ conceptions of assessment-VI inventory. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35, 248–254. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michaelides, M. P., & Theodorou, C. (2014, October). Teachers’ conceptions about assessment: Adaptation of a scale on a Cypriot sample. Proceedings of the 13th Pedagogical Association of Cyprus meeting (pp. 265275). Nicosia: PEK.Google Scholar
Ministry of Education and Culture. (2010). Αναλυτικά προγράμματα προδημοτικής, δημοτικής, και μέσης εκπαίδευσης. [Curriculums of kindergarten, elementary, and secondary education]. Nicosia: Ministry of Education and Culture.Google Scholar
Ministry of Education and Culture. (2014). Annual report 2014. Retrieved from www.moec.gov.cy/en/annual_reports.html.Google Scholar
Ministry of Education and Culture. (2018). Guide to the Pancyprian examinations. Retrieved from www.moec.gov.cy/ypexams/panexams/odigoi-exetaseon.html.Google Scholar
Newton, P. E. (2005). The public understanding of measurement inaccuracyBritish Educational Research Journal31, 419442. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920500148648.Google Scholar
Simpson, L., & Baird, J. (2013). Perceptions of trust in public examinations. Oxford Review of Education, 39, 1735. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2012.760264.Google Scholar
Solomonidou, G., & Michaelides, M. P. (2017). Students’ conceptions of assessment purposes in a low stakes secondary-school context: A mixed methodology approach. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 52, 3541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2016.12.001.Google Scholar
Statistical Service of Cyprus. (2016). Cyprus in the EU scale. The Press and Information Office for the Statistical Service. Retrieved from www.cystat.gov.cy.Google Scholar
Statistical Service of Cyprus. (2017). Statistics of education 2014/2015. Nicosia: Republic of Cyprus.Google Scholar
Xi, X. (2010). How do we go about investigating test fairness? Language Testing, 27, 147170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532209349465.Google Scholar
Zwick, R. (2006). Higher education admissions testing. In Brennan, R. L. (Ed.). Educational measurement (4th ed.) (pp. 647679). Westport, CT: American Council on Education.Google Scholar

References

Allalouf, A., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (1998). The effect of coaching on the predictive validity of scholastic aptitude tests. Journal of Educational Measurement, 35, 3147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1998.tb00526.x.Google Scholar
Azen, R., Bronner, S., & Gafni, N. (2002). Examination of gender bias in university admissions. Applied Measurement in Education, 15, 7594. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324818AME1501_05.Google Scholar
Beller, M. (1994). Psychometric and social issues in admissions to Israeli universities. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 13(2), 1220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3992.1994.tb00791.x.Google Scholar
Beller, M. (1995). Translated versions of Israel’s inter-university Psychometric Entrance Test (PET). In Oakland, T. & Hambleton, R. K. (Eds.). International perspectives on academic assessment (pp. 207218). Boston, MA: Kluwer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0639-9_12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beller, M. (2001). Admission to higher education in Israel and the role of the psychometric entrance test: Educational, social, and political dilemmas [Special issue]. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 8, 317337. https://doi.org/10.1080/09695940120089125.Google Scholar
Ben-Shakhar, G., Kiderman, I., & Beller, M. (1996). Comparing the utility of two procedures for admitting students to liberal arts: An application of decision-theoretic models. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56, 90107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164496056001006.Google Scholar
Ben-Simon, A., Beyth-Marom, R., Inbar-Weiss, N., & Cohen, Y. (2008). Regulation of learning disability diagnosis and test accommodation provision in institutions of higher education (Report No. 383). Jerusalem: National Institute for Testing and Evaluation.Google Scholar
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2018a). Statistical abstracts of Israel 2018: table 8.56. Applicants for first year studies toward a first degree in universities, by first preferred field of study, sex, age, population group, and by results of application. Retrieved from https://old.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton.html?num_tab=st08_56&CYear=2018.Google Scholar
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2018b). Statistical abstracts of Israel 2018: table 8.57. Applicants for first year studies toward a first degree in academic colleges, by first preferred field of study, sex, age, population group, and by results of application. Retrieved from https://old.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st08_57&CYear=2018.Google Scholar
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2018c). Statistical Abstracts of Israel 2018: table 8.19. Students in 12th Grade: Matriculation examinees and those entitled to a certificate. Retrieved from https://old.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st08_19&CYear=2018.Google Scholar
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2018d). Statistical Abstracts of Israel 2018: table 8.61. Students in universities, academic colleges and academic colleges of education by degree, sex, age, population group and district of residence. Retrieved from https://old.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st08_61&CYear=2018.Google Scholar
Cleary, T. A. (1968). Test bias: Prediction of grades of Negro and white students in integrated collegesJournal of Educational Measurement5, 115124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1968.tb00613.x.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Philadelphia, PA: Routledge, Taylor, and Francis.Google Scholar
Cohen, Y. (2017). Estimating the intra-rater reliability of essay raters. Frontiers in Education. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2017.00049.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Y., Ben-Simon, A., Moshinsky, A., & Eitan, M. (2008). Computer-based testing (CBT) in the service of test accommodations. Jerusalem: National Institute for Testing and Evaluation.Google Scholar
Council for Higher Education. (2019). Collection of data for start of year: table 1. Students in institutions of higher education by level of degree and type of institution. Retrieved from https://che.org.il/en/statistical-data/.Google Scholar
Darlington, R. B. (1971). Another look at “cultural fairness.” Journal of Educational Measurement8, 7182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1971.tb00908.x.Google Scholar
Gafni, N., & Bronner, S. (1998). An examination of criterion-related bias in the testing of Hebrew- and Russian-speaking examinees in Israel. Jerusalem: National Institute for Testing and Evaluation.Google Scholar
Gafni, N., Cohen, Y., Roded, K., Baumer, M., & Moshinsky, A. (2009). Applications of CAT in admissions to higher education in Israel: Twenty-two years of experience. Jerusalem: National Institute for Testing and Evaluation.Google Scholar
Gafni, N., Moshinsky, A., Eisenberg, O., Ziegler, D., & Ziv, A. (2012). Reliability estimates: Behavioral stations and questionnaires in medical school admissions. Medical Education, 46, 277288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04155.x.Google Scholar
Goldzweig, Oren, & Saar, Y. 2014). התועלת של קורסי הכנה מסחריים לבחינה הפסיכומטרית בהשוואה להכנה בקרב עצמית נבחני עברית וערבית, [The effect of commercial coaching courses for PET in comparison to self-coaching in Hebrew and Arabic] (Report 405). Jerusalem: National Institute for Testing & Evaluation.Google ScholarPubMed
Gulliksen, H. (1987). Theory of mental tests. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Hadad, A., Gafni, N., Moshinsky, A., Turvall, E., Ziv, A., & Israeli, A. (2016). The multiple mini-interviews as a predictor of peer evaluations during clinical training in medical school. Medical Teacher, 38, 11721179. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2016.1181730.Google Scholar
Haimovich, T., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (2004). סיום תואר ונשירה בחינת הבגרות ומבחן הכניסה הפסיכומטרי לאוניברסיטאות כמנבאי [The matriculation certificate grades (Bagrut) and the score on the Psychometric Entrance Test (PET) as predictors of graduation and attrition]. Megamot, 43, 446470.Google Scholar
Kennet-Cohen, T. (1993). An examination of predictive bias: The Russian version of the psychometric entrance test for Israeli universities. Jerusalem: National Institute for Testing and Evaluation.Google Scholar
Kennet-Cohen, T. (2016). The reliability and validity of PET. Retrieved from https://nite.org.il/files/rel_val.pdf.Google Scholar
Kennet-Cohen, T., & Saar, Y. (2017). Adding a writing task to a university admissions test: An evaluation of short-term consequences. Paper presented at the annual AEA-Europe Conference, Prague, Czech Republic.Google Scholar
Kennet-Cohen, T., Turvall, E., & Oren, C. (2014). Detecting bias in selection for higher education: Three different methods. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 21, 193204https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2013.877871.Google Scholar
Kennet-Cohen, T., Turvall, E., Saar, Y., & Oren, C. (2016). The predictive validity of a two-step selection process to medical schools. Journal of Biomedical Education, 2016, 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8910471.Google Scholar
Kleper, D. & Turvall, E. (2016). ניתוח-על של תוקף הניבוי של הבחינה הפסיכומטרית [A meta-analysis of the predictive validity of the Psychometric Entrance Test] (RR16–02). Jerusalem: National Institute for Testing and Evaluation.Google Scholar
Kleper, D., Turvall, E., & Oren, C. (2014). בוגר תוקף הניבוי של כלי המיון לאוניברסיטאות בישראל מול ממוצע תואר [Predictive validity of the PET in predicting higher first year GPA]. (RR 403) Jerusalem: National Institute for Testing and Evaluation.Google Scholar
Kleper, D., & Saka, N. (2017). General ability or distinct scholastic aptitudes? A multidimensional validity analysis of the psychometric higher education entrance test. Journal of Applied Measurement, 18, 194214.Google Scholar
Kleper, D., Turvall, E., Kennet-Cohen, T., & Oren, C. (2013) מבקשי תנאים מותאמים בבחינה הפסיכומטרית הוגנות מערכת המיון להשכלה הגבוהה כלפי [Examining the fairness of higher education admissions for applicants who request test accommodations] (RR-386). Jerusalem: National Institute for Testing and Evaluation.Google Scholar
Linn, R. L. (1984). Selection bias: Multiple meanings. Journal of Educational Measurement, 21, 3347.Google Scholar
Moshinsky, A., Ziegler, D., & Gafni, N. (2017). Multiple mini-interviews in the age of the Internet: Does preparation help applicants to medical school? International Journal of Testing, 17, 253268. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2016.1263638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oren, C., Kennet-Cohen, T., Turvall, E., & Allalouf, A. (2014). Demonstrating the validity of three general scores of PET in predicting higher education achievement in Israel. Psicothema, 2, 117126. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema.2013.257.Google Scholar
Thorndike, R. L. (1971). Concepts of culture fairness. Journal of Educational Measurement, 8, 6370.Google Scholar
Ziv, A., Rubin, O., Moshinsky, A., Gafni, N., Kotler, M., Dagan, Y., & Mittelman, M. (2008). MOR: a simulation‐based assessment centre for evaluating the personal and interpersonal qualities of medical school candidatesMedical Education, 42, 991998. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03161.xGoogle Scholar

References

Admissions to Higher Education Steering Group (2004). Fair admissions to higher education: Recommendations for good practice. In Admissions to higher education review. Nottingham: Department for Education and Skills Publications. Retrieved from http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/5284/1/finalreport.pdf.Google Scholar
Badat, S. (2011). Redressing the colonial/apartheid legacy: Social equity, redress, and higher education admissions in democratic South Africa. Retrieved from www.ru.ac.za/media/rhodesuniversity/content/vc/documents/Redressing%20the%20Colonial%20or%20Apartheid%20Legacy.pdf.Google Scholar
BusinessTech, . (2018, November 30). Government changes minimum entry requirements for a bachelor’s degree in South Africa. BusinessTech. Retrieved from https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/288442/government-changes-minimum-entry-requirements-for-a-bachelors-degree-in-south-africa/.Google Scholar
Byrnes, R. M. (1997). South Africa: A country study. Washington, DC: Federal Research Division.Google Scholar
Council on Higher Education. (2016). South African higher education reviewed: Two decades of democracy. Retrieved from http://che.ac.za/sites/default/files/publications/CHE_South%20African%20higher%20education%20reviewed%20-%20electronic_1.pdf.Google Scholar
Manik, S. (2015). Calibrating the barometer: Student access and success in South African public higher education institutions [Special edition]. Alternation, 17, 226244. Retrieved from http://alternation.ukzn.ac.za/Files/docs/22%20SpEd17/12%20Manik%20F.pdf.Google Scholar
Moore, J. (2005). Why isn’t eligibility part of the affirmative action debate? Retrieved from https://diverseeducation.com/article/4887/.Google Scholar
Ocampo, L. (2004). Global perspectives on human language: The South African context. Timeline of education and apartheid. Retrieved from https://web.stanford.edu/~jbaugh/saw/Lizet_Timeline.html.Google Scholar
Republic of South Africa. (1997). Higher Education Act 101 of 1997. Retrieved from www.che.ac.za/sites/default/files/publications/act101.PDF.Google Scholar
Republic of South Africa Department of Education. (1997). Education white paper 3: A programme for the transformation of higher education. Retrieved from www.che.ac.za/sites/default/files/publications/White_Paper3.pdf.Google Scholar
Republic of South Africa Department of Education. (2001). National development plan for higher education in South Africa. Retrieved from www.dhet.gov.za/HED Policies/National Plan on Higher Education.pdf.Google Scholar
Republic of South Africa Department of Education. (2005a). National senior certificate: A qualification at level 4 on the national qualifications framework. Retrieved from www.saide.org.za/resources/Library/DoE%20-%20NSCNQF4.pdf.Google Scholar
Republic of South Africa Department of Education. (2005b). Minimum admission requirements for higher certificate, diploma and bachelor’s degree programmes requiring a national senior certificate. Retrieved from www.dhet.gov.za/HED%20Policies/Minimum%20Admission%20Requirements%20for%20Higher%20Certificate,%20Diploma%20and%20Bachelor’s%20Degree.pdf.Google Scholar
Republic of South Africa Department of Higher Education and Training. (2015). Statistics on post-school education and training in South Africa. Retrieved from www.dhet.gov.za/DHET%20Statistics%20Publication/Statistics%20on%20Post-School%20Education%20and%20Training%20in%20South%20Africa%202015.pdf.Google Scholar
Republic of South Africa Department of Higher Education and Training. (2018). Minimum admission requirements for higher certificate, diploma and bachelor’s degree programmes requiring a national senior certificate: Amendment to the minimum admission requirements for entry into bachelor’s degree programmes for holders of the national senior certificate. Retrieved from www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201812/42100gon1369.pdf.Google Scholar
Republic of South Africa Minister of Higher Education and Training. (2013). The higher education qualifications sub-framework. Retrieved from www.uj.ac.za/corporateservices/quality-promotion/Documents/quality%20docs/national/Revised%20HEQSF%20Jan2013%20FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar
South African Qualifications Authority (2009). National Qualifications Framework Act 67. Retrieved from www.saqa.org.za/list.php?e=Legislation.Google Scholar
University of Cape Town. (2016). Strategic planning framework. Retrieved from www.uct.ac.zaGoogle Scholar
Wangenge-Ouma, G. (2013). Widening participation in South African higher education: Report submitted to HEFCE and OFFA. Bristol: Higher Education Funding Council for England. Retrieved from www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv%3A59466.Google Scholar

References

Andersson, H. (1999). Varför betyg? Historiskt och aktuellt om betyg [Why grades? Grades in past and present]. Lund: Studentlitteratur.Google Scholar
Björklund, A., Fredriksson, P., Gustafsson, J.-E., & Öckert, B. (2010). Den svenska utbildningspolitikens arbetsmarknadseffekter: vad säger forskningen? [Labor market effects of the Swedish educational policy: What does the research say?] (IFAU Rapport 2010:13). Uppsala: Institutet för arbetsmarknadspolitisk utvärdering.Google Scholar
Bron, A., & Agelli, K. (2000). Nontraditional students in higher education in Sweden: From recurrent education to lifelong learning. In Schuetze, H. G. & Slowley, M. (Eds.). Higher education and lifelong learners: International perspectives on change (pp. 83100). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cliffordson, C. (2006). Selection effects on applications and admissions to medical education with regular and step‐wise admission procedures. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 50, 463482. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313830600823811.Google Scholar
Cliffordson, C. (2008). Differential prediction of study success across academic programs in the Swedish context: The validity of grades and tests as selection instruments for higher education. Educational Assessment 13(1), 5675. https://doi.org/10.1080/10627190801968240.Google Scholar
Cliffordson, C., & Askling, B. (2006). Different grounds for admission: Its effects on recruitment and achievement in medical education. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 50, 4562. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313830500372026.Google Scholar
Diskrimineringslag [Discrimination Act]. (2008). SFS 2008:567. Stockholm: KulturdepartementetGoogle Scholar
Förordning om försöksverksamhet med viktat högskoleprovsresultat vid urval [Ordinance Regarding Trials on Weighting SweSAT Scores for Selection]. (2018). SFS 2018:1511. Stockholm: Utbildningsdepartementet.Google Scholar
Hauschildt, K., Vögtle, E. M., & Gwosć, C. (2018). Social and economic conditions of student life in Europe: Eurostudent VI (2016–2018) synopsis of indicators. Bielefeld: Bertelsmann. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/epale/en/resource-centre/content/eurostudent-vi-2016-2018-synopsis-indicators.Google Scholar
Högskoleförordning [Higher Education Ordinance]. (1993). SFS 1993:100. Stockholm: Utbildningsdepartementet.Google Scholar
Högskolelag [Higher Education Act]. (1992). SFS 1992:1434. Stockholm: Utbildningsdepartementet.Google Scholar
Husén, T., & Härnqvist, K. (2000). Begåvningsreserven En återblick på ett halvsekels forskning och debatt [The ability reserve: A look back at half a century of research and debate]. Uppsala: Föreningen för svensk undervisningshistoria.Google Scholar
Klapp Lekholm, A. (2008). Grades and grade assignment: Effects of student and school characteristics (Doctoral dissertation). Gothenburg University.Google Scholar
Lundahl, L., Erixon Arreman, I., Lundström, U., & Rönnberg, L. (2010). Setting things right? Swedish upper secondary school reform in a 40-year perspective. European Journal of Education, 45, 4962. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3435.2009.01414.x.Google Scholar
Lyrén, P.-E. (2009). Reporting subscores from college admission tests. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 14(4). Retrieved from http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=14&n=4.Google Scholar
Lyrén, P.-E. (2017). Högskoleprovet våren och hösten 2016: Provtagargruppens sammansättning och resultat [The SweSAT in the spring and fall of 2016: Composition and results of the test-taking group] (BVM No. 65). Umeå: Department of Applied Educational Science, Umeå University.Google Scholar
Lyrén, P.-E., Rolfsman, E., Wedman, J., Wikström, C., & Wikström, M. (2014). Det nya högskoleprovet: samband mellan provresultat och prestation i högskolan [The new SweSAT: Association between test results and performance in higher education]. Umeå: Department of Applied Educational Science, Umeå University.Google Scholar
Öckert, B. (2001). Effects of higher education and the role of admission selection (Doctoral dissertation). Stockholm: The Swedish Institute for Social Research at Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2015). Improving schools in Sweden: An OECD perspective. Retrieved from www.oecd.org/edu/school/Improving-Schools-in-Sweden.pdf.Google Scholar
Proposition 2017/18:204. (2017). Fler vägar till kunskap: en högskola för livslångt lärande [More routes to knowledge: A higher education for lifelong learning].Google Scholar
Schuetze, H. G., & Slowley, M. (2002). Participation and exclusion: A comparative analysis of non-traditional students and lifelong learners in higher education. Higher Education, 44, 309327. https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1019898114335.Google Scholar
Sinharay, S., Haberman, S. J., & Wainer, H. (2011). Do adjusted subscores lack validity? Don’t blame the messenger. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71, 789797. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164410391782.Google Scholar
Sinharay, S., Puhan, G., & Haberman, S. J. (2010). Reporting diagnostic scores in educational testing: Temptations, pitfalls, and some solutions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45, 553573. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2010.483382789–797.Google Scholar
Skollag [Education Act]. (2010). SFS 2010:800. Stockholm: Utbildningsdepartementet.Google Scholar
Statens offentliga utredningar. (2017). Tillträde för nybörjare: ett öppnare och enklare system för tillträde till högskoleutbildning [Admission for new entrants: A more open and simple system for admission to higher education] (Statens offentliga utredningar, 2017:20). Stockholm: Wolters Kluver.Google Scholar
Stenlund, T., Eklöf, H., & Lyrén, P.-E. (2017). Group differences in test-taking behaviour: An example from a high-stakes testing program. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 24, 420. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2016.1142935.Google Scholar
Stenlund, T., Lyrén, P.-E., & Eklöf, H. (2018). The successful test-taker: Exploring test-taking behaviour profiles through cluster analysis. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 33, 403417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212–017-0332-2.Google Scholar
Universitetskanslerämbetet. (n.d.). Facts about higher education. Retrieved from http://english.uka.se/facts-about-higher-education.html.Google Scholar
Universitets- och högskolerådet. (2016). Tabell för områdesbehörigheter [Table for field-specific requirements]. Retrieved from www.uhr.se/globalassets/_uhr.se/studier-och-antagning/tilltrade-till-hogskolan/tabell-for-omradesbehorigheter-2016.pdf.Google Scholar
Vlachos, J. (2018). Trust-based evaluation in a market-oriented school system (Working Paper 1217). Stockholm: Research Institute of Industrial Economics. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/183446.Google Scholar
Wedman, J. (2017). Theory and validity evidence for a large-scale test (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138492.Google Scholar
Wedman, J. (2018). Reasons for gender-related differential item functioning in a college admissions test. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 62, 959970. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2017.1402365.Google Scholar
Wedman, J., & Lyrén, P.-E. (2015). Methods for examining the psychometric quality of subscores: A review and application. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 20(21). Retrieved from http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=20&n=21.Google Scholar
Wikström, C. (2005). Grade stability in a criterion‐referenced grading system: The Swedish example. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 12, 125144. https://doi.org/10.1080/09695940500143811.Google Scholar
Wikström, C., & Wikström, M. (2005). Grade inflation and school competition: An empirical analysis based on the Swedish upper secondary schools. Economics of Education Review, 24, 309322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2004.04.010.Google Scholar
Wikström, C., & Wikström, M. (2017). Group differences in student performance in the selection to higher education: Tests vs. grades. Frontiers in Education, 2(45). https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2017.00045.Google Scholar
Wolming, S., & Wikström, C. (2010). The concept of validity in theory and practice. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 17, 117132. https://doi.org/10.1080/09695941003693856.Google Scholar

References

Altbach, P. G. (2016). Global perspectives on higher education. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
Education Law, No. 38/2005/QH11 (2005). Retrieved from www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/vnm_e/WTACCVNM43_LEG_14.pdf.Google Scholar
General Statistics Office of Vietnam. (2018a). Population and employment: Area and population of Vietnam in 2016. Retrieved from www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=774.Google Scholar
General Statistics Office of Vietnam. (2018b). Education: Some statistics of Vietnam’s higher education up to 2016. Retrieved from http://gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=782Google Scholar
Hien, Q. (2016, September 13). Hội Toán học phản đối thi trắc nghiệm môn toán [Vietnam Mathematical Society against standardized test using MCQs]. Retrieved from https://thanhnien.vn/giao-duc/hoi-toan-hoc-phan-doi-thi-trac-nghiem-mon-toan-743756.html.Google Scholar
Law on Higher Education, No. 08/2012/QH13. (2012). Retrieved from www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=91570&p_country=VNM&p_count=532.Google Scholar
Le, D. P. (2006). The role of non-public institutions in higher education development of Vietnam. (Doctoral dissertation). Hiroshima University.Google Scholar
Le, H., & Nguyen, T. (2017, June 23). Giáo viên nhận xét đề thi trắc nghiệm môn toán THPT quốc gia [Teachers comment on the mathematics test]. Retrieved from http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giao-duc/tuyen-sinh/giao-vien-nhan-xet-de-thi-trac-nghiem-mon-toan-ky-thi-thpt-quoc-gia-2017-379870.html.Google Scholar
Le, H., Thanh, H., & Le, V. (2017, June 26). “Chấm điểm” kỳ thi THPT quốc gia 2017 [“Scoring” the national high school graduation exams 2017]. Retrieved from http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giao-duc/tuyen-sinh/ky-thi-thpt-quoc-gia-2017-duoi-goc-nhin-nha-giao-380279.html.Google Scholar
Le, V. (2017, August 11). Những con số “biết nói” về giáo dục đại học Việt Nam [“Speaking statistics” of Vietnam’s higher education]. Retrieved from http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giao-duc/tuyen-sinh/nhung-con-so-biet-noi-ve-giao-duc-dai-hoc-viet-nam-389870.html.Google Scholar
Ministry of Education and Training. (2017a). Số liệu giáo dục đại học 2017. [Statistics of universities in 2017]. Retrieved from https://moet.gov.vn/content/tintuc/Lists/News/Attachments/5137/so%20lieu%20thong%20ke%20GDDH%202016_2017.pdf.Google Scholar
Ministry of Education and Training. (2017b). Thông tư ban hành ban hành Quy chế thi trung học phổ thông quốc gia và xét công nhận tốt nghiệp trung học phổ thông. [Decree to issue the regulations for national high school graduation exams and certification]. Retrieved from https://moet.gov.vn/van-ban/vanban/Pages/chi-tiet-van-ban.aspx?ItemID=1236.Google Scholar
Nghiem, H. (2017, July 6). Hòa Bình có 1 thí sinh dân tộc đạt 2 điểm 10 [Hoa Binh had one ethnic student who obtained two scores of 10]. Retrieved from www.tienphong.vn/giao-duc/hoa-binh-co-1-thi-sinh-dan-toc-dat-2-diem-10-1164977.tpo.Google Scholar
Nguyen, Q. C. T. (2012). Khoa cu Viet Nam (Tap Thuong): Thi huong [Educational testing in Vietnam (higher volume): provincial exams]. Hanoi: Literature Publisher.Google Scholar
Nguyen, P. V., Le, L. V., & Nguyen, T. M. (2005). Lich su Thang Long Hanoi [History of Thang Long Hanoi]. Ho Chi Minh City: Youth Publisher.Google Scholar
Nguyen, H. (2016, September 13). Thi trắc nghiệm môn Toán ở Sài Gòn năm 1974 [Standardized tests in Saigon in 1974]. Retrieved from http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giao-duc/tuyen-sinh/thi-trac-nghiem-mon-toan-o-sai-gon-nam-1974-326318.html.Google Scholar
Oliveri, M. E., Lawless, R., & Young, J. W. (2015). A validity framework for the use and development of exported assessmentsPrinceton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.Google Scholar
Quynh, T., Duong, T., & Phan, A. (2018, July 19). Vietnam probes outrageous fraud in national high school exam. Retrieved from https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-probes-outrageous-fraud-in-national-high-school-exam-3779835.htmlGoogle Scholar
Tran, T. P. H. (2009). Franco-Vietnamese schools and the transition from Confucian to a new kind of intellectual in the colonial context of Tonkin (Working Paper Series). Cambridge, MA: Harvard-Yenching Institute.Google Scholar
Trow, M. A. (1973). Problems in the transition from elite to mass higher education. Berkeley, CA: Carnegie Commission on Higher Education.Google Scholar
Trow, M. A. (2006). Reflections on the transition from elite to mass to universal access: Forms and phases of higher education in modern societies since WWII. In Forest, J. J. & Altbach, P. G. (Eds.). International handbook of higher education (pp. 243280). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4012-2_13.Google Scholar
University of Indochina. (2016, September 11). Quá trình hình thành và phát triển của Đại học Đông Dương qua tài liệu lưu trữ [Establishment and development of University of Indochina through archives]. Retrieved from http://luutruquocgia1.org.vn/gioi-thieu-tai-lieu-nghiep-vu/qua-trinh-hinh-thanh-va-phat-trien-cua-dai-hoc-dong-duong-qua-tai-lieu-luu-tru.Google Scholar
World Bank. (n.d.[a]). Education in Vietnam: Development history, challenges and solutions. Retrieved from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1121703274255/1439264-1153425508901/Education_Vietnam_Development.pdf.Google Scholar
World Bank. (n.d.[b]). School enrollment, tertiary (% gross). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR?locations=VNGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2018). GDP per capita of Vietnam in recent years. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/country/vietnamGoogle Scholar
Yen, A. (2018, February 8). Đại học tốp trên xét tuyển nhiều yếu tố. [Top universities use multiple criteria to select students]. Retrieved from http://tuyensinh.dantri.com.vn/tuyen-sinh/dai-hoc-top-tren-xet-tuyen-nhieu-yeu-to-20180207163328589.htm.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×