Photoelastic materials

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511760549.009

9 - Photoelastic materials

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 July 2014

Brian Utter

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Jeffrey Olafsen

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Brian Utter: Affiliation:
James Madison University
Jeffrey Olafsen: Affiliation:
Baylor University, Texas

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Summary

Introduction

The behavior of dense granular materials, which consist of large collections of individual grains, is an example of a complex system. Despite the relative simplicity of the constituents, the large number of frictional contacts leads to indeterminacy, history dependance, and jamming. We still lack a general set of macroscopic equations to describe their flow. A continuum description of the relevant state variables is desirable, and early studies in soil mechanics focused on characterizing bulk stress/strain relationships and failure. However, it was determined through experiments using photoelastic materials [1–3] that forces transmitted through granular assemblies are carried through an inhomogeneous network of stress chains in which the majority of force is carried through chains of particles comprising a minority of grains (e.g. Figure 9.1(b)). The creation and failure of these chains are central to the fluctuations that can dominate in measurements of dense, granular systems [4].

To visualize internal stresses, these experiments used grains composed of photoelastic materials, which exhibit stress-induced birefringence. When placed between crossed polarizers, in a polariscope, the intensity of transmitted light varies with the local principal stress difference, allowing visualization of the internal stresses in the system. Regions of differential stress appear as a series of bright and dark fringes. The resulting pattern offers both an immediate insight into the spatial stress distribution and the opportunity to measure quantitative local force data in the sample.

Type: Chapter
Information: Experimental and Computational Techniques in Soft Condensed Matter Physics , pp. 230 - 247

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760549.009 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2010

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9 - Photoelastic materials

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