Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-v2bm5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-06T19:02:49.841Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Anatolia, 1300–1451

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2010

By
Rudi Lindner
Edited by
Kate Fleet
Get access

Summary

This chapter narrates and discusses some major lines of development in Anatolia between the turn of the fourteenth century and the second accession to power of Mehmed II. The emphasis lies on the early Ottoman enterprise, thanks to the fact that it had become the major power in the peninsula by the end of the 150 years under discussion. The end point of our coverage is entirely reasonable, as there is general agreement that Mehmed the Conqueror's reign was a turning point in the creation of one imperial polity and the wreck of another, Byzantium.

It is far from clear, around the year 1300, that anyone should have expected such an outcome, for in 1300 the Mongols seemed to be suzerains of the area we term the Ottomans' homeland. In fact, the number of those in 1299 and 1300 who recognised the period as a caesura in Anatolia's history was small, perhaps a hundred people, almost all of them men. We do not yet know any of their names, but we do know that they were the moneyers active in the Muslim domains of the peninsula. From the 1280s until 1299, there were about ten mints striking silver dirhems for the Seljuks and Ilkhanids. For the years immediately after 1300, the number (now almost entirely for the Ikhanids) is also around ten. But in 699/1299–1300, the number of mints striking silver dirhems shoots up to forty-six. Such a phenomenon has not occurred before or since in the recorded history of Anatolia.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge History of Turkey , pp. 102 - 137
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

al-ʻUmari, Al-'Umari's Bericht über Anatolien in seinem Werke Masālik al-absār fī mamālik al-amsār, I: Text, ed. Taeschner, Franz, Leipzig, 1929.Google Scholar
Alexandru-Dersca, Marie-Mathilde, La campagne de Timur en Anatolie, London, 1982.Google Scholar
Aşikpaşazade, Tevarih-i Al-i Osman, Aşikpaşazade Tarihi, ed. Ali, , Istanbul, 1332 [1916].Google Scholar
Atiya, Aziz S., The Crusade of Nicopolis, London, 1934.Google Scholar
Ayverdi, Ekrem Hakki, Osmanli Mimârîsinin İlk Devri 630–805 (1230–1402), Istanbul, 1966.Google Scholar
Balim-Harding, Çiğdem and Imber, Colin (eds.), The Balance of Truth: Essays in Honour of Professor Geoffrey Lewis, Istanbul, 2000.Google Scholar
Balivet, M., Islam mystique et révolution armée dans les Balkans Ottomans: vie de Cheikh Bedreddin, le ‘Hallaj des Turcs’ (1358/59–1416), Istanbul, 1995.Google Scholar
Beldiceanu-Steinherr, Irène, ‘La conquête d'Andrinople par les Turcs: la pénétration turque en Thrace et la valeur des chroniques ottomans’, Travaux et Mémoires 1 (1965).Google Scholar
Beldiceanu-Steinherr, Irène, ‘La conquête de la Bithynie maritime, étape décisive dans la fondation de l'état ottoman’, in Byzanz als Raum, ed. Belke, Klaus, Bild, Fridrich, Koder, Johannes and Soustal, Peter, Vienna, 2000.Google Scholar
Cahen, Claude, The Formation of Turkey, ed. and tr. Holt, P. M., London, 2001.Google Scholar
Cahen, Claude, Pre-Ottoman Turkey: a General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History c.1071–1330, tr. J. Jones-Williams, London, 1968.Google Scholar
Cahen, Claude, La Turquie pré-ottomane, Istanbul and Paris, 1988.Google Scholar
Crane, Howard, ‘Notes on Architecture and Patronage in Beylik Anatolia (1300–1450)’, in The Turks, vol. II, ed. Güzel, Hasan Celal, Çiçek, Kemal and Koca, Salim, Ankara, 2002.Google Scholar
Demetriades, Vassilis, ‘Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Devşirme’, in The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389), ed. Zachariadou, E. A., Rethymnon, 1993.Google Scholar
Aşikpaşazade, Die altosmanische Chronik des ʻ Āŝikpaŝazāde, ed. Giese, Friedrich, Leipzig, 1929.Google Scholar
Diez, Ernst, Oktay Aslanapa and Mahmud Mesut Koman, Karaman Devri Sanati, Istanbul, 1950.Google Scholar
Ender, Celil, Üstün, Erek and Gültekin, Teoman, Candaroğullari Beyliği (İsfendiyaroğullari Beyliği) Paralari Kataloğu, Istanbul, 2003.Google Scholar
Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, New York, 2006.Google Scholar
Fleet, Kate, European and Islamic Trade in the Early Ottoman State: the Merchants of Genoa and Turkey, Cambridge, 1999.Google Scholar
Flemming, Barbara, Landschaftsgeschichte von Pamphylien, Pisidien und Lykien im Spätmitteralter, Wiesbaden, 1964.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Joseph, ‘Turco-Mongolian Monarchic Tradition in the Ottoman Empire,’ Harvard Ukrainian Studies 3–4 (1979–80).Google Scholar
Giese, Friedrich (ed.), Die altosmanischen anonymen Chroniken in Text und Übersetzung, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1922–5.Google Scholar
Heywood, Colin, ‘The 1337 Bursa Inscription and its Interpreters’, Turcica 36 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heywood, Colin, ‘“Boundless Dreams of the Levant”: Paul Wittek, the George-Kreis, and the Writing of Ottoman History’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1989).Google Scholar
Heywood, Colin, ‘The Frontier in Ottoman History: Old Ideas and New Myths’, in Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands, 700–1700, ed. Power, Daniel and Standen, Naomi, London, 1998.Google Scholar
Heywood, Colin, ‘A Subterranean History: Paul Wittek (1894–1978) and the Ottoman State,’ Die Welt des Islams 38 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heywood, Colin, ‘Wittek and the Austrian Tradition’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1988).Google Scholar
Imber, Colin, ‘The Legend of Osman Gazi’, in The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389), ed. Zachariadou, Elizabeth A., Rethymnon, 1993.Google Scholar
Imber, Colin, ‘The Origin of the Janissaries,’ Journal of Turkish Studies 26, 2 (2002).Google Scholar
Imber, Colin, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1481, Istanbul, 1990.Google Scholar
İnalcik, H., ‘The Rise of Ottoman Historiography’, in Historians of the Middle East, ed. Lewis, Bernard and Holt, P. M., London, 1962.Google Scholar
Şikari, Karamanname, ed. Sözen, Metin and Sakaoğlu, Necdet, Istanbul, 2005.Google Scholar
Laiou, A. E. and Bouras, Charalambos (eds.), The Economic History of Byzantium from the Seventh Century through to the Fifteenth Century, 3 vols., Washington, DC, 2002.Google Scholar
Enveri, Le Destan d'Umūr Pacha (Düstūrnāme-i Enverī): text, translation et notes, ed. and tr. Mélikoff-Sayar, I., Paris, 1954.Google Scholar
Lindner, Rudi Paul, Explorations in Ottoman Prehistory, Ann Arbor, 2007.Google Scholar
Lindner, Rudi Paul, ‘How Mongol were the Early Ottomans?’, in The Mongol Empire and its Legacy, ed. Amitai-Preiss, R. and Morgan, D. O., Leiden, 1999.Google Scholar
Lindner, Rudi Paul, Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia, Bloomington, 1983.Google Scholar
Lindner, Rudi Paul, ‘Stimulus and Justification in Early Ottoman History,’ Greek Orthodox Theological Review 27 (1982).Google Scholar
Mantran, Robert (ed.), Histoire de l'empire ottoman, Paris, 1989.Google Scholar
Ménage, V. L., ‘The Beginnings of Ottoman Historiography,’ in Historians of the Middle East, ed. Lewis, Bernard and Holt, P. M., London, 1962.Google Scholar
Ménage, V. L., Neshri's History of the Ottomans, the Sources and Development of the Text, London, 1964.Google Scholar
Oikonomides, Nicolas, ‘From Soldiers of Fortune to Gazi Warriors: the Tzympe Affair,’ in Studies in Ottoman History in Honour of Professor V. L. Ménage, ed. Heywood, Colin J. and Imber, Colin, Istanbul, 1994.Google Scholar
Öney, Gönül, Beylikler Devri Sanati XIV. –XV. Yüzyil (1300–1453), Ankara, 1989.Google Scholar
Aşikpaşazade, Osmanoğullariʼnin Tarihi, ed. Yavuz, Kemal and Yekta Saraç, M. A., Istanbul, 2003.Google Scholar
Philippides-Braat, Anna, ‘La captivité de Palamas chez les Turcs, dossier et commentaire’, Travaux et Mémoires 7 (1979).Google Scholar
Reinert, Stephen W., ‘From Niš to Kosovo Polje, Reflections on Murad I's Final Years’, in The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389), ed. Zachariadou, E. A., Rethymnon, 1993.Google Scholar
Schreiner, Peter, Philadelphie et autres études, Paris, 1984.Google Scholar
Schreiner, Peter, ‘Zur Geschichte Philadelpheias im 14. Jahrhundert (1293–1390)’, Orientalia Christiana Periodica 35 (1969).Google Scholar
Şentürk, Şennur (ed.), Asyaʼ;dan Anadoluʼya Rüzgar, Istanbul, 1994.Google Scholar
Şikari, şikari'nin Karaman Oğullari Tarihi, ed. Koman, M. M., Konya, 1946.Google Scholar
Spandounes, Theodore, On the Origin of the Ottoman Emperors, tr. Donald M. Nicol, Cambridge, 1997.Google Scholar
[Aşikpaşazade] Aşikpaşaoğlu Ahmed Aşiki, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osman, in Osmanli Tarihleri, vol. I, ed. Çiftçioğlu, N., Istanbul, 1949.Google Scholar
The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edn, ed. Gibb, H. A. R. et al., Leiden, 1960–2006 (abbreviated as EI2).Google Scholar
Ibn, Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, ed. and tr. Gibb, H. A. R., 4 vols., London, 1962.Google Scholar
Uzunçarşili, İsmail Hakki, Anadolu Beylikleri ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri, Ankara, 1988, repr. 1998, 2003.Google Scholar
Varlik, Mustafa Çetin, Germiyan-Oğullari Tarihi (1300–1429), Ankara, 1974.Google Scholar
Wittek, Paul, ‘Deux chapitres de lʼhistoire des Turcs de Roum’, Byzantion 11 (1936).Google Scholar
Wittek, Paul, The Rise of the Ottoman Empire, London, 1938.Google Scholar
Yerasimos, Stéphane, La fondation de Constantinople et de Sainte-Sophie dans les traditions turques: legends d'empire, Paris, 1990.Google Scholar
Zachariadou, Elizabeth A., ‘From Avlona to Antalya: Reviewing the Ottoman Military Preparations of the 1380s’, in The Via Egnatia under Ottoman Rule (1380–1699), ed. Zachariadou, E. A., Rethymnon, 1996.Google Scholar
Zachariadou, Elizabeth A., ‘The Conquest of Adrianople by the Turks’, Studi Veneziani 12 (1970).Google Scholar
Zachariadou, Elizabeth A., ‘The Emirate of Karasi and that of the Ottomans: Two Rival States’, in The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389), ed. Zachariadou, E. A., Rethymnon, 1993.Google Scholar
Zachariadou, Elizabeth A., ‘Histoires et legends des premiers Ottomans’, Turcica 27 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zachariadou, Elizabeth A., Trade and Crusade:Venetian Crete and the Emirates of Menteshe and Aydin (1300–1415), Venice, 1983.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×