Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T01:29:58.476Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

10 - Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period in Egypt

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Barry J. Kemp
Edited by
J. Desmond Clark
Barry J. Kemp
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Get access

Summary

The Old and Middle Kingdoms together represent an important unitary phase in Egypt's political and cultural development. The Early Dynastic Period had seen the creation and consolidation of a type of government and court culture which, with the Third Dynasty, now reached levels of scale and competence marking the beginning of the plateau of achievement for ancient Egypt. After five centuries and following the end of the Sixth Dynasty (c. 2181 B.C.) the system appears to have faltered, and there seems to have ensued a century and a half of provincial assertion and civil war, the First Intermediate Period. But the re-establishment of powerful central government which followed, c. 2040 B.C., seems to have been, with certain changes of nuance, the re-establishment of the patterns of the Old Kingdom. There is thus much to be said for treating certain important aspects of the Old and Middle Kingdoms together.

DIVINE KINGSHIP

Divine kingship is the most striking feature of Egypt in these periods. In the form of great religious complexes centred on the pyramid tombs its cult was given monumental expression of a grandeur unsurpassed anywhere in the ancient Near East. Yet despite its all-pervading influence in Egyptian civilization it is not easy to present a coherent account of its doctrines, especially one which avoids mixing material from widely separated periods. One good reason for this is the Egyptian mode of communication, presenting doctrine not in the form of cogently argued treatises intended to persuade, but as series of concisely worded assertions which to us often take on a deeply cryptic appearance.

Keywords

divine kingshipEgyptClassic Kerma phaseMiddle KingdomSecond Intermediate PeriodHyksos kingdomKing of KushOld Kingdom
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge History of Africa , pp. 658 - 769
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abu Bakr, A. M. and Osing, J. (1973). Ächtungstexte aus dem Alten Reich. Mitt. dt archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 29, 97–133.Google Scholar
Abu Bakr, A. M. and Osing, J. (1976). Ächtungstexte aus dem Alten Reich. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 32, 133–85.Google Scholar
Adam, S. (1959). Report on the excavations of the Antiquites Department at Ezbet Rushdi. Ann. Serv. antiquités Egypte 56, 207–26.Google Scholar
Adams, B. (1956). Fragen altägyptischer Finanzvernwaltung; nach Urkunden des Alten und Mittleren Reiches. Munich and Pasing.
Adams, B. (1974). Ancient Hierakonpolis (with supplement). Warminster.
Adams, W. Y. (1968). Invasion, diffusion, evolution? Antiquity 42, 194–215.Google Scholar
Adams, W. Y. (1970). A re-appraisal of Nubian culture history. Orientalia 39, 269–77.Google Scholar
Adams, W. Y. (1977a). Reflections on the archaeology of Kerma. In Endesfelder, E. et al. (eds.), Ägypten und Kusch (Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients 13), 41–51.Google Scholar
Adams, W. Y. (1977b). Nubia, corridor to Africa. London.
Adams, W. Y. and Nordström, H.-Å. (1963). The archaeological survey on the west bank of the Nile: third season, 1961–62. Kush II, 10–46.Google Scholar
Aharoni, Y., Fritz, V. and Kempinski, A. (1974). Excavations at Tel Masos (Khirbet el-Melhâsh). Preliminary report on the first season, 1972. Tel-Aviv I, 64–74.Google Scholar
Albright, W. F. (1959). Dunand's new Byblos volume: a Lycian at the Byblian court. Bull. Am. Sch. Orient. Res. 155, 31–4.Google Scholar
Albright, W. F. (1964). The eighteenth-century princes of Byblos and the chronology of Middle Bronze. Bull. Am. Sch. Orient. Res. 176, 38–46.Google Scholar
Aldred, C. (1970). Some royal portraits of the Middle Kingdom in ancient Egypt. Metropolitan Mus. J. 3, 27–50.Google Scholar
Aldred, C. (1971). Jewels of the Pharaohs. London.
Allam, S. (1963). Beiträge zum Hathorkult (bis zum Ende des Mittleren Retches). Munich and Berlin.
Alliot, M. (1937–8). Un nouvel example de vizir divinisé dans l'Égypte ancienne. Bull. Inst. fr. archéol orient. Cairo 37, 93–160.Google Scholar
Altenmüller, H. (1974). Zur Vergöttlichung des Königs Unas im Alten Reich. Stud, altägypt. Kultur I, 1–18.Google Scholar
Aly, M. S. (1970). The tomb of Wnjs-'nh at Qurna (PM-No. 413). Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 26, 199–206.Google Scholar
Amiran, R. (1974a). An Egyptian jar fragment with the name of Narmer from Arad. Israel Exploration J. 24, 4–12.Google Scholar
Amiran, R. (1974b). The painted pottery of the Early Bronze II period in Palestine. Levant 6, 65–8.Google Scholar
Amiran, R., Beit Arieh, Y. and Glass, J. (1973). The interrelationship between Arad and sites in southern Sinai in the Early Bronze Age II. Israel Exploration J. 23, 193–7.Google Scholar
Anthes, R. (1928). Die Felseninschriften von Hatnub, nach den Aufnahmen Georg Möllers. Leipzig.
Anthes, R. (1954). Remarks on the Pyramid Texts and the early Egyptian dogma. Jl. Am. orient. Soc. 74, 35–9.Google Scholar
Anthes, R. (1959). Egyptian theology in the third millennium B. C. J Near East. Stud. 18, 169–212.Google Scholar
Arkell, A. J. (1954). Four occupation sites at Agordat. Kush 2, 33–62.Google Scholar
Arkell, A. J. (1961). A history of the Sudan: from the earliest times to 1821, 2nd edn. London.
Arnold, D. (1968). Bemerkungen zu den Königsgräbern der frühen II. Dynastie von El-Târif. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 23, 26–36.Google Scholar
Arnold, D. (1973). Bericht über die vom Deutschen Archäologischen Institut Kairo im Winter 1971–72 in El-Târif durchgeführten Arbeiten. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 29, 135–62.Google Scholar
Arnold, D. (1974a). Der Tempel des Königs Mentuhotep von Deir el-Bahari. Vol. I: Architektur und Deutung; vol. II: Die Wandreliefs des Sanktuares. Mainz.
Arnold, D. (1974b). Bericht über die vom Deutschen Archäologischen Institut Kairo im Winter 1972/73 in El-Târif durchgeführten Arbeiten. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 30, 155–64.Google Scholar
Arnold, D. (1975). Bemerkungen zu den frühen Tempeln von El-Tôd. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 31, 175–86.Google Scholar
Arnold, D. (1976). Gräber des Alten und Mittleren Reiches in El-Tarif. Mainz.
Arnold, D. and Settgast, J. (1965). Erster Vorbericht über die vom Deutschen Archäologischen Institut Kairo im Asasif unternommenen Arbeiten. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 20, 47–61.Google Scholar
Badawy, A. (1967). The civic sense of Pharach and urban development in ancient Egypt. J. Am. Res. Cent. Egypt 6, 103–9.Google Scholar
Baer, K. (1956). A.note on Egyptian units of area in the Old Kingdom. J. Near East. Stud. 15, 113–17.Google Scholar
Baer, K. (1960). Rank and title in the Old Kingdom. Chicago.
Baer, K. (1962). The low price of land in ancient Egypt. J. Am. Res. Cent. Egypt I, 25–45.Google Scholar
Baer, K. (1963). An Eleventh Dynasty farmer's letters to his family. J. Am. orient. Soc. 83, 1–19.Google Scholar
Bagnold, R. A., Myers, O. H., Peel, R. F. and Winkler, H. A. (1939). An expedition to the Gilf Kebir and Uweinat, 1938. Geogr J. 93, 281–313.
Baines, J. (1973). The destruction of the pyramid temple of Sahure. Götting. Misz 4, 9–14.Google Scholar
Baines, J. (1974). The inundation stela of Sebekhotpe VIII. Acta orient. 36, 39–54.Google Scholar
Baines, J. (1976). The Sebekhotpe VIII inundation stela: an additional fragment. Acta Orient. 37, 11–20.Google Scholar
Barns, J. W. B. (1954). Four Khartoum stelae. Kush 2, 19–25.Google Scholar
Barta, W. (1967–8). Zum scheinbaren Bedeutungswandel des Seth in den Pyramidentexten. Jaarber. Vooraziat-Egypt. Genoot. ‘Ex Oriente Lux’, 7, 20, 43–9.Google Scholar
Barta, W. (1969). ‘Falke des Palastes’ als ältester Königstitel. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst: Abt. Cairo 24, 51–7.Google Scholar
Barta, W. (1974). Das Gespräch des Ipuwer mit dem Schöpfergott. Stud, altägypt. Kultur I, 19–33.Google Scholar
Barta, W. (1974–5). Die Erste Zwischenzeit im Spiegel der pessimistischen Literatur. Jaarber. Vooraziat.-Egypt. Genoot. 24, 50–61.Google Scholar
Barta, W. (1975). Untersuchungen zur Göttlichkeit des regierenden König. Munich and Berlin.
Barta, W. (1976). Der dramatische Ramesseumpapyrus als Festrolle beim Hebsed-Ritual. Stud, altägypt. Kultur 4, 31–43.Google Scholar
Bates, O. (1914). The eastern Libyans. London. (Reprinted 1970.)
Beckerath, J. von (1964). Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Agypten. Glückstadt.
Beckerath, J. von (1957). Notes on the viziers 'Ankhu and Íymeru in the Thirteenth Egyptian Dynasty. J. Near East. Stud. 37, 20–8.Google Scholar
Beckerath, J. von (1962). The date of the end of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. J. Near East. Stud. 21, 140–7.Google Scholar
Beckerath, J. von (1964). Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Agypten. Glückstadt.
Beckerath, J. von (1965). Zur Begründung der 12. Dynastie durch Ammenemes I. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde. 92, 4–10.Google Scholar
Beckerath, J. von (1966). Die Dynastic der Herakleopoliten (9./10. Dynastic). Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 93, 13–20.Google Scholar
Beckerath, J. von (1969). Die Lesung von ‘Regierungsjahr’: ein neuer Vorschlag. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 95, 88–91.Google Scholar
Beckerath, J. von (1976a). Die Chronologie der XII. Dynastie und das Problem der Behandlung gleichzeitiger Regierungen in der ägyptischen Überlieferung. Stud. altägypt. Kultur 4, 45–57.Google Scholar
Beckerath, J. von (1976b). Die Hyksos in Aegypten. Antike Welt 7, 53–8.Google Scholar
Beit Arieh, Y. (1974). An Early Bronze Age II site at Nabi Salah in southern Sinai. Tel Aviv I, 144–56.Google Scholar
Beit Arieh, Y. and Gophna, R. (1976). Early Bronze Age II sites in Wâdi el-Qudeirât (Kadesh-Barnea). Tel Aviv 3, 142–501.Google Scholar
Bell, B. (1970). The oldest records of the Nile floods. Geogrl J. 136, 569–73.Google Scholar
Bell, B. (1971). The dark ages in ancient history. I. The first dark age in Egypt. Am, J. Archaeol. 75, 1–26.Google Scholar
Bell, B. (1975). Climate and the history of Egypt: the Middle Kingdom. Am. J. Archaeol. 79, 223–69.Google Scholar
Bell, L. (1973). Once more the 'w: ‘interpreters’ or ‘foreigners’? News. Am. Res. Cent. Egypt 87, 33.Google Scholar
Berlev, O. D. (1966). [The price of a slave in Egypt during the Middle Kingdom.] Vestnik Drevnei Istorii pt I, 92 (sic, read 95), 28–39. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Berlev, O. D. (1974). [A Thirteenth Dynasty stela in the Würzburg University Museum.] Palestinskii Sbornik 25 (88), 26–31. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Bernand, É. (1975). Recueil des inscriptions grecques du Fayoum, vol. I: La ‘ Méris’ d'Hérakleidès. Leiden.
Berry, B. J. L. (1961). City size distributions and economic development. Econ. Devel. Cult. Change 9, 573–88.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. (1966). Ausgrabungen in Sayala-Nubien 1961–1965. Denkmäler der C-Gruppe und der Pan-Gräber-Kultur. Vienna.
Bietak, M. (1968a). Vorläufiger Bericht über die erste und zweite Kampagne der österreichischen Ausgrabungen auf Tell ed-Dab'a im Ostdelta Ägyptens (1966, 1967). Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo, 23, 79–114.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. (1968b). Studien zur Chronologie der nubischen C-Gruppe. Vienna.
Bietak, M. (1970). Vorläufiger Bericht über die dritte Kampagne der österreichischen ausgrabungen auf Tell ed Dab'a im Ostdelta Ägyptens (1968). Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 26, 15–42.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. (1974). Die Todesumstände des Pharaos Seqenenre (17. Dynastie). Ann. naturhist. Mus. Vienna 78, 29–52.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. (1975a). Tell el-Dab'a vol. II. Vienna.
Bietak, M. (1975b). Die Hauptstadt der Hyksos und die Ramesesstadt. Antike Welt 6, 28–43.Google Scholar
Björkman, G. (1964). Egyptology and historical method. Orient. Suecana 13, 9–33.Google Scholar
Blumenthal, E. (1970). Untersuchungen zum ägyptischen Königtum des Mittleren Reiches, vol. I: Die Phraseologie Leipzig.
Blumenthal, E. (1976). Die Datierung der Nḥri-Graffiti von Hatnub. Zur Stellung der ägyptischen Gaufürsten im frühen Mittleren Reich. Altorient. Forsch. 4, 35–62.Google Scholar
Blumenthal, E. (1977). Die Koptosstele des Königs Rahotep (London W. C. 14327). In Endesfelder, E. et al. (eds.), Ägypten und Kusch (Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients 13), 63–80.Google Scholar
Boessneck, J. (1970). Die Equidenknochen von Tell ed Dab'a. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 26, 42.Google Scholar
Bongrani, L. (1963). I rapporti fra l'Egitto, la Siria el il Sinai durante l'Antico Regno. Oriens Antiquus 2, 171–203.Google Scholar
Bonnet, C. (1978a). Fouilles archéologiques à Kerma (Soudan); rapport préliminaire de la campagne 1977–1978. Genava 26, 107–27.Google Scholar
Bonnet, C. (1978b). Nouveaux travaux archéologiques à Kerma (1973–1975). In Études nubiennes; colloque de Chantilly 2–6 juillet 1975, 25–34. Cairo.Google Scholar
Bonnet, C. (1979). Remarques sur la ville de Kerma. In Hommages à la mémoire de Serge Sauneron 1927–1976, vol. I: Égypte pharaonique, 3–10, Cairo.Google Scholar
Bonorni, J. (1906). Topographical notes on western Thebes collected in 1830. Ann. Serv. Antiquités Egypte 7, 78–86.Google Scholar
Borchardt, L. (1899). Der zweite Papyrusfund von Kahun und die zeitliche Festlegung des mittleren Reiches der ägyptischen Geschichte. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde, 37, 89–103.Google Scholar
Borchardt, L. (1907). Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Ne-user-Re' 9991. 82 Leipzig.
Borchardt, L. (1909). Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Sazhu-Re'. 9991. 83 Leipzig.
Borchardt, L. (1910–13). Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Sazhu-Re', 2 vols. Leipzig.
Borchardt, L. and Ricke, H. (1930). Egypt: architecture, landscape, life of the people. London.
Bosticco, S. (1959). Le stele egiziane dall' Antico al Nuovo Regno. Rome.
Bothmer, B. V. (1971). A bust of Ny-user-ra from Byblos, in Beirut, Lebanon. Kêmi 21, 11–16.Google Scholar
Bothmer, B. V. (1974). The Karnak statue of Ny-user-ra. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 30, 165–70.Google Scholar
Bottéro, J., Cassin, E. and Vercoutter, J. (1967). The Near East: the early civilizations. Translated by Tannenbaum, R. F.. London.
Breasted, J. H. (1905). A history of Egypt; from the earliest times to the Persian Conquest New York. (Also London, 1906.)
Breasted, J. H. (1906). Ancient records of Egypt, 5 vols. Chicago.
Brovarski, E. (1970). The House of JḤww. Serapis 2, 39.
Brovarski, E. and Murnane, W. J. (1969). Inscriptions from the time of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II at Abisko. Serapis I, 11–33.Google Scholar
Brunner, H. (1936). Die Anlagen der ägyptischen Felsgräber bis zum Mittleren Reich. Glückstadt.
Brunner, H. (1955). Die Lehre vom Königserbe im frühen Mittleren Reich. In Firchow, O. (ed.), Ägyptologische Studien, 4–11. Berlin.Google Scholar
Brunner, H. (1958). Die Zeit des Cheops. Oriental. Literaturz. 53, 293–301.Google Scholar
Brunner-Traut, E. (1974). Noch einmal die Fürstin von Punt. Ihre Rasse, Krankheit und ihre Bedeutung für die Lokalisierung von Punt. In Festschrift zum 150 jährigen Bestehen des Berliner Ägyptischen Museums, 71–85. Berlin.Google Scholar
Brunton, G. (1949). The title Khnumet Nefer-Hezt. Ann. Serv. Antiquités Egypte 49, 99–110.
Brunton, G. and Engelbach, R. (1927). Guroh. London.
Bruyère, B., Manteuffel, J., Michalowski, K., and Sainte Fare Garnot, J. (1937). Tell Edfou 1937. Fouilles franco-polonaises, rapports I. Cairo.
Buchholz, H.-G. and Karageorghis, V. (1971). Altägäis und Altkypros. Tübingen.
Butzer, K. W. (1959). Studien zum vor-und frühgeschichtlichen Landschafts-wandel der Sahara. III. Die Naturlandschaft Ägyptens während der Vorgeschichte und der dynastischen Zeit. Abh. math.-naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Mainz 2, 1–80.Google Scholar
Butzer, K. W. (1975). Patterns of environmental change in the Near East during Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene times. In Wendorf, F. and Marks, A. E. (eds.), Problems in prehistory: North Africa and the Levant, 389–410. Dallas.Google Scholar
Butzer, K. W. (1976). Early hydraulic civilization in Egypt: a study in cultural ecology. Chicago.
Butzer, K. W. and Hansen, C. L. (1968). Desert and river in Nubia. Madison.
Callaway, J. A. and Weinstein, J. M. (1977). Radiocarbon dating of Palestine in the Early Bronze Age. Bull. Am. Sch. orient. Res. 225, 1–16.Google Scholar
Caton-Thompson, G. (1952). Kharga Oasis in prehistory. London.
Černy, J. (1969). Stela of Emhab from Tell Edfu. Mitt. dt. Inst. ägypt. Altertumskunde Kairo 24.Google Scholar
Černý, J., Gardiner, A. and Peet, T. E. (1955). The Inscriptions of Sinai, vol. II. London and Oxford.
Černý, J. (1947). Graffiti at the Wādi el-'Allāki. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 33, 52–7.Google Scholar
Černý, J. (1969): Stela of Emḥab from Tell Edfu. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 24, 87–92.Google Scholar
Červiček, P. (1970–3). Datierung der nordafrikanischen Felsbilder durch die Patina. IPEK 23, 82–7.Google Scholar
Červiček, P. (1974). Felsbilder des Nord-Etbai, Oberägyptens und Unternubien. Wiesbaden.
Chéhab, M. (1969). Noms de personnalités égyptiennes découvertes au Liban. Bull. Mus. Beycrouth 22, 1–47.Google Scholar
Coldstream, J. N. and Huxley, G. L. (eds.) (1972). Kythera; excavations and studies conducted by The University of Pennsylvania Museum and The British School at Athens. London.
Couroyer, B. (1971). Ceux-qui-sont-sur-le-sable: les Hériou-Shâ. Rev. Biblique 78, 558–75.Google Scholar
Couroyer, B. (1973). Pount et la Terre du Dieu. Rev. Biblique 80, 53–74.Google Scholar
Couyat, J. and Montet, P. (1912). Les inscriptions biéroglyphiques et hiératiques du Ouâdi Hammâmât. Cairo.
Cowgill, G. L. (1975). On causes and consequences of ancient and modern population changes. Am. anthrop. 77, 505–25.Google Scholar
Crawford, O. G. S. (1951). The Fung Kingdom of Sennar, with a geographical account of the Middle Nile region. Gloucester.
Crüsemann, F. (1973). Überlegungen zur Identifikation der Ḥirbet el-Mŝāŝ (Tel Māśôś). Z. dt. Palästina-Vereins 89, 211–24.
Daressy, G. (1917). Chapelle de Mentouhotep III à Dendérah. Ann. Serv. Antiquités Égypte 17, 226–36.Google Scholar
Daumas, F. (1965). Rapport préliminaire sur les fouilles exécutées par l'Institut Français d' Archéologie Orientale entre Seyala et Ouadi es Sebouâ en Avril–Mai 1964. Bull. Inst. fr. Archéol. orient. Cairo 63, 225–63.Google Scholar
Daumas, F. (1973). Derechef Pépi Ier à Dendara. Rev. Égypt. 25, 7–20.Google Scholar
Davies, N. G. (1943). The tomb of Rekh-mi-re at Thebes. New York.
Davis, E. N. (1974). The Vapheio Cups and Aegean gold and silver ware. University Microfilms 74–1869, Ann Arbor.
Dever, W. G. (1973). The EVIV-MBI horizon in Transjordan and southern Palestine. Bull. Am. Sch. orient. Res. 210, 37–63.Google Scholar
Dewachter, M. (1976). Le roi Sahathor et la famille de Neferhotep I. Rev. Egypt. 28, 66–73.Google Scholar
Dixon, D. (1958). The land of Yam. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 44, 40–55.Google Scholar
Drioton, E. (1945). Notes diverses, 2. Une corégence de Pepy Ier et de Mérenrê(?). Ann. Serv. Antiquités Egypte 44, 55–6.Google Scholar
Drioton, E. and Vandier, J. (1962). Les peuples de l'orient méditerranéen, vol. 11:L'Égypte, 4th ed. Paris.
Dunayevsky, I. and Kempinski, A. (1973). The Megiddo temples. Z. dt. Palästina-Vereins 89, 161–87.Google Scholar
Dunbar, J. H. (1941). The rock pictures of Lower Nubia. Cairo.
Dunham, D. (1938). The biographical inscriptions of Nekhelsu in Boston and Cairo. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 24, 1–8.Google Scholar
Edel, E. (1954). Inschriften des Alien Reichs, I. Die Biographic des Gaufürsten von Edfu. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 79, 11–17.Google Scholar
Edel, E. (1955). Inschriften des Alten Reiches. V. Die Reiseberichte des, Ḥrw- ḫwjf (Herchuf). in Firchow, O. (ed.), Agyptologische Studien, 51–75. Berlin.Google Scholar
Edel, E. (1955–64). Altägyptische Grammatik. Analecta Orientalia 34–9. Rome.
Edel, E. (1956). Ein ‘Vorsteher der Farafra-Oase’ im Alten Reich? Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 81, 67–8.Google Scholar
Edel, E. (1960). Inschriften des Alten Reiches. XI. Nachträge zu den Reiseberichten der Ḥrw-ḫwjf. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 85, 18–23.Google Scholar
Edel, E. (1962). Zur Lesung und Bedeutung einiger Stellen in den biographischen Inschrift Sz-rnpwt's I. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 87, 96–107.Google Scholar
Edel, E. (1967). Die Ländernamen und die Ausbreitung der C-Gruppe nach den Reiseberichten des Ḥrw-ḫwjf. Orientalia 36, 133–58.Google Scholar
Edel, E. (1971a). Beiträge zu den Inschriften des Mittleren Reiches in den Gräbern der Qubbet el Hawa. Munich and Berlin.
Edel, E. (1971b). Zwei neue Felsinschriften aus Tumâs mit nubischen Ländernamen. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 97, 53–63.Google Scholar
Edel, E. (1973). Nachtrag zur Felsinschriften des Mḫw und Szbnj in Tumâs, ZÄS 97, 1971, 53ff. Z. ägypt Sprache Altertumskunde 100, 76.Google Scholar
Edel, E. (1975). Der Fund eines Kamaresgefässes in einem Grabe der Qubbet el Hawa bei Assuan. In Actes XXIX Congr. Int. Orientalistes, Égyptologie, vol.1, 38–40. Paris.Google Scholar
Edwards, I. E. S. (1961a). The pyramids of Egypt, revised ed. Harmondsworth.
Edwards, I. E. S. (1961b). Two Egyptian sculptures in relief. Br. Mus. Quarterly 23, 9–11.Google Scholar
Edwards, I. E. S. (1970). Absolute dating from Egyptian records and comparison with carbon-14 dating. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Land. 269, 1193, 11–18.Google Scholar
Edwards, I. E. S., Gadd, C. J. and Hammond, N. G. L. (eds.) (1971). The Cambridge ancient history, 3rd ed., vol. 1, pt 2, Early history of the Middle East. Cambridge.Google Scholar
,Egypt Exploration Society (1963). Report of the seventy-seventh ordinary general meeting.
el-Nur, O. (1976). [Kerma culture and its origins.] Vestnik Drevnei Istorii 1, 29–51. (In Russian, with English summary.)Google Scholar
el-Rayah, M. B. (1974). The problems of Kerma culture of ancient Sudan re-considered in the light of ancient Sudan civilization as a continuous process. Ethnogr.-archäol. Z. 15, 287–304.Google Scholar
Emery, W. B. (1961). Archaic Egypt. Harmondsworth.
Emery, W. B. (1923). Two Nubian graves of the Middle Kingdom at Abydos. Ann. Archaeol. Anthrop., liverpool 10, 33–5.Google Scholar
Emery, W. B. (1961) A preliminary report on the excavations of the Egypt Exploration Society at Buhen, 1959–60. Kush 9, 81–6.Google Scholar
Emery, W. B. (1963). Egypt Exploration Society. Preliminary report on the excavations at Buhen, 1962. Kush 11, 116–20.Google Scholar
Emery, W. B. (1965). Egypt in Nubia London.
Emery, W. B. and Kirwan, L. P. (1935). The excavations and survey between Wadi es-Sebua and Adindan 1929–1931. Cairo.
Engelbach, R. (1922). Steles and tables of offerings of the late Middle Kingdom from Tell Edfû. Ann. Serv. Antiquités Égypte 22, 113–38.Google Scholar
Engelbach, R. (1923). Harageh. London.
Engelbach, R. (1933). The quarries of the western Nubian desert: a preliminary report. Ann. Serv. Antiquités Égypte 33, 65–74.Google Scholar
Engelbach, R. (1938). The quarries of the western Nubian desert and the ancient road to Tushka. Ann. Serv. Antiquités Égypte. 38, 369–90.Google Scholar
Erman, A. and Grapow, H. (1926–31). Wörterbuch der Ägyptischen Sprache, 5 vols. Leipzig.
Erman, E. E. (1972). The earliest known three-dimensional representation of the god Ptah. J. Near East. Stud. 31, 83–6.Google Scholar
Evers, H. G. (1929). Staat aus dem Stein. Denkmäler Geschichte und Bedeutung der ägyptischen Plastik während des Mittleren Reichs, 2 vols. Munich.
Fairman, H. W. (1958). The kingship rituals of Egypt. In Hooke, S. H. (ed.), Myth, ritual and kingship, 74–104. Oxford.Google Scholar
Fairservis, W. A., Weeks, K. and Hoffman, M. (1971–2). Preliminary report on the first two seasons at Hierakonpolis. J. Am. Res. Cent. Egypt 9, 7–68.Google Scholar
Fakhry, A. (1952). The inscriptions of the amethyst quarries at Wadi el Hudi. Cairo.
Fakhry, A. (1959). The monuments of Sneferu at Dahshur, vol. 1: The Bent Pyramid. Cairo.
Fakhry, A. (1961). The monuments of Sneferu at Dahshur, vol. II: The Valley Temple, 2 pts. Cairo.
Fakhry, A. (1973). The search for texts in the western desert. In Textes et langages de l'Égypte pharaonique, Hommage à Jean-François Champollion, vol. 11, 207–22. Cairo.Google Scholar
Farid, S. (1964). Preliminary report on the excavations of the Antiquities Department at Tell Basta (season 1961). Ann. Serv. Antiquités Égypte 58, 85–98.Google Scholar
Faulkner, R. O. (1969). The ancient Egyptian pyramid texts. Oxford.
Fecht, G. (1956). Die Ḏatjw-' in Ḏnw, eine ägyptische Völkerschaft in der Westwüste. Z. dt. morgenländ. Ges. 106 (n.s. 31), 37–60.Google Scholar
Fecht, G. (1968). Zu den Inschriften des ersten Pfeilers im Grab des Anchtifi (Mo'alla). In Helck, W. H. (ed.), Festschrift für Siegfried Schott zu seinem 70. Geburtstag, 50–60. Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Fecht, G. (1972). Der Vorwurf an Gott in den ‘Mahnworten des Ipu-wer’ (Pap. Leiden I 344 recto 11, 11–13, 8; 15, 13–17, 3). Zur geistigen Krise der ersten Zwischenzeit und ihrer Bewältigung. Heidelberg.
Fecht, G. (1973). Ägyptische Zweifel am Sinn des Opfers: Admonitions 5, 7–9. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 100, 6–16.Google Scholar
Firth, C. M. and Gunn, B. (1926). Teti pyramid cemeteries, 2 vols. Cairo.
Fischer, H. G. (1954). Four provincial administrators at the Memphite cemeteries. Jl Am. orient. Soc. 74, 26–34.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. G. (1957). A god and a general of the Oasis on a stela of the late Middle Kingdom. J. Near East. Stud. 16, 223–35.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. G. (1959a). An example of Memphite influence on a Theban stela of the Eleventh Dynasty. Artibus Asiae 22, 240–52.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. G. (1959b). A scribe of the army in a Saqqara mastaba of the early Fifth Dynasty. J. Near East. Stud. 18, 233–72.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. G. (1960). The inscription of Ì-zt.f, born of Tfi. J. Near East. Stud. 19, 258–68.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. G. (1961a). Three Old Kingdom palimpsests in the Louvre. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 86, 21–31.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. G. (1961b). Land records on stelae of the Twelfth Dynasty. Rev. Egypt. 13, 107–9.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. G. (1962). A provincial statue of the Egyptian Sixth Dynasty. Am. J. Archaeol. 66, 65–9.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. G. (1963). A stela of the Heracleopolitan Period found at Saqqara: the Osiris Ìtì. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 90, 35–41.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. G. (1964). Inscriptions from the Coptite nome; Dynasties VI–XI. Analecta Orientalia 40, Rome.
Fischer, H. G. (1968). Dendera in the third millennium B.C.; down to the Theban domination of Upper Egypt. New York.
Fischer, H. G. (1974). Nbty in Old Kingdom titles and names. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 60, 94–9.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. G. (1975). Two tantalizing biographical fragments of historical interest. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 61, 33–7.Google Scholar
Fleming, A. (1973). Tombs for the living. Man, n.s. 8, 177–93.Google Scholar
Fouilles de El Kab: documents (1954). Livraison, III. Fondation Égyptologique Reine Elisabeth, Brussels.
Frankfort, H. (1948). Kingship and the gods. Chicago.
Friedman, J. (1974). Marxism, structuralism and vulgar materialism. Man, n.s. 9, 444–69.Google Scholar
Gabra, G. (1976). Preliminary report on the stela of Htpì from El-Kab from the time of Wahankh Inyôtef II. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 32, 45–56.Google Scholar
Gabra, S. (1929). Les conseils de fonctionnaires dans l'Égypte pharaonique. Cairo.
Gardiner, A. H. (1916). The defeat of the Hyksos Kamōse; The Carnarvon Tablet no. 1, J. Egypt. Archaeol. 3, 95–110.Google Scholar
Gardiner, A. H. (1925). The autobiography of Rekhmerē‘. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 60, 62–76.Google Scholar
Gardiner, A. H. (1929). An administrative letter of protest. J. Egypt. Archaol. 13, 75–8.Google Scholar
Gardiner, A. H. (1947). Ancient Egyptian Onomastica, 3 vols. Oxford.
Gardiner, A. H. (1954). Was the vizier Dja‘u one of six like-named brothers? Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 79, 95–6.Google Scholar
Gardiner, A. H. (1957). The reading of the geographical term [tp-rs']. J. egypt. Archaeol. 43, 6–9.Google Scholar
Gardiner, A. H. (1959). The royal canon of Turin. Oxford.
Gardiner, A. H. (1961). Egypt of the Pharaohs: an introduction. Oxford.
Gardiner, A. H., Peet, T. E. and Černý, J. (1955). The inscriptions of Sinai. Egypt Exploration Society Memoir 55. London.
Garstang, J. (1902). Mahâsna and Bêt Khallaf. London.
Garstang, J. (1902). Tombs of the Third Egyptian Dynasty at Reqâqnah and Bêt Khallaf. London.
Gauthier, H. (1907). Le livre des rots d'Égypte, vol. I: Des origines à la fin de la XIIe' dynastie Cairo.
Gauthier, H. (1918). Le titre imi-ra âkhnoutiet ses acceptions diverses. Bull. Inst. fr. Archéol. orient. Cairo 15, 169–206.
Gauthier, H. (1924). La titulaire des reines des dynasties memphites. Ann. Serv. Antiquités Égypte 24, 198–209.Google Scholar
Gerven, D. P., Carlson, D. S. and Armelagos, G. J. (1973). Racial history and bio-cultural adaptation of Nubian archaeological populations. J. Afr. Hist. 14, 555–64.Google Scholar
Geus, C. H. S. (1971). The Amorites in the archaeology of Palestine. Ugarit-Forsch. 3, 41–60.Google Scholar
Geus, F. and Labre, Y. (1974). La Nubie au sud de Dal: exploration archéologique et problèmes historiques. Etudes sur l'Égypte et le Soudan anciens (Cobiers de Recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie et d'Égyptologie de Lille 2), 103–23.Google Scholar
Giorgini, M. S. (1971). Soleb, vol. II: les nécropoles. Florence.
Giveon, R. (1965). A sealing of Khyan from the Shephela of southern Palestine. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 51, 202–4.Google Scholar
Giveon, R. (1967). Royal seals of the XIIth Dynasty from Western Asia. Rèv. Egypt. 19, 29–37.Google Scholar
Giveon, R. (1971). [The temple of Hathor at Serabit el-Khadem.] Qadmoniot 4, 14–18. (In Hebrew.)Google Scholar
Giveon, R. (1972). Le temple d'Hathor à Serabit el-Khadem. Archéologia 44, 64–9.Google Scholar
Giveon, R. (1974a). Hyksos scarabs with names of kings and officials from Canaan. Chronique d'Egypte 49, 222–33.Google Scholar
Giveon, R. (1974b). A second relief of Sekhemkhet in Sinai. Bull. Am. Sch. orient. Res. 216, 17–20.Google Scholar
Giveon, R. (1975). [Lady of the turquoise: Hathor at Serabit el-Khadim and Timna.] Eretz-Israel 12, 24—6. (In Hebrew.)Google Scholar
Gleichen, Count Albert E. W. (ed.) (1905). The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: a compendium prepared by officers of the Sudan Government, vol. 1. London.
Goadicke, H. (1956). Zu imj-rz šm‘ und tp šm‘ im Alten Reich. Mitt. Inst. Orientforsch. 4, 1–10.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. (1954). An approximate date for the harem investigation under Pepy I. Jl. Am. orient. Soc. 74, 88–9.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. (1955). The Abydene marriage of Pepi I. Jl Am. orient. Soc. 75, 180–3.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. (1957). Bemerkungen zum Alter der Sonnenheiligtümer. Bull. Inst. fr. Archéol. orient. Cairo 56, 151–3.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. (1960a). Die Stellung des Königs im Alten Reich. Wiesbaden.
Goedicke, H. (1960b). The inscription of Ḏmi. J. Near East. Stud. 19, 288–91.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. (1962). Zur Chronologie der sogenannten ‘Ersten Zwischenzeit’. Z. dt. morgenländ. Ges. 112 (n.s. 37), 239–54.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. (1963). The alleged military campaign in southern Palestine in the reign of Pepy I (VIth Dynasty). Riv. Stud. Orient. 38, 187–97.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. (1966a). An additional note on '3 ‘foreigner.’ J. Egypt. Archaeol. 52, 172–4.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. (1966b). The cylinder seal of a ruler of Byblos reconsidered. J. Am. Res. Cent. Egypt 5, 19–21.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. (1967). Königliche Dokumente aus dem alten Reich. Wiesbaden.
Goedicke, H. (1969). Probleme der Herakleopolitenzeit. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 24, 136–43.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. (1969–70). An Egyptian claim to Asia. J. Am. Res. Cent. Egypt 8, 11–27.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. (1970). Die privaten Rechtsinschriften aus dem Alten Reich. Vienna.
Goedicke, H. (1971). Re-used blocks from the pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht. New York.
Goedicke, H. (1971–2). Tax deductions for religious donations. J. Am. Res. Cent. Egypt 9, 73–5.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. (1974). The Berlin Leather Roll (P. Berlin 3029). In Festschrift zum 15 ojährigen Bestehen des Berliner Ägyptischen Museums, 87–104. Berlin.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. (1976a). Eine Betrachtung des Inschriften des Meten im Rahmen der sozialen und rechtlichen Stellung von Privatleuten im ägyptischen Alten Reich. Ägyptologische Abhandlungen 29. Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. (1976b). Another remark about the Byblos Cylinder Seal. Syria 53, 191–2.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. (1977). The prophecy of Neferyt. Baltimore.
Gómez-Moreno, C. (1972–3). Gold. Bull. Metropol. Mus. Art 31, 69–121.Google Scholar
Gophna, R. (1976a). Excavations at 'En Besor. 'Atiqot II, 1–9.Google Scholar
Gophna, R. (1976b). Egyptian immigration into southern Canaan during the First Dynasty? Tel Aviv 3, 31–7.Google Scholar
Gostynski, T. (1975). La Libye antique et ses relations avec l'Égypte. Bull IF AN, b, 37, 473–588.Google Scholar
Goyon, G. (1957). Nouvelles inscriptions rupestres du Wadi Hammamat. Paris.
Goyon, G. (1969). Le cylindre de l'Ancien Empire du Musée d'Ismailia. Bull. Inst. fr. Archéol. orient. Cairo 67, 147–57.Google Scholar
Gratien, B. (1973). Les nécropoles Kerma de l'île de Saï. Études sur l'Egypte et le Soudan anciens (Cahiers de Recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie et d'Égyptologie de Lille 1), 143–84.Google Scholar
Gratien, B. (1974). Les nécropoles Kerma de l'île de Saï, II. Études sur l'Égypte et le Soudan anciens (Cahiers de Recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie et d'Égyptologie de Lille 2), 51–74.Google Scholar
Gratien, B. (1975). Les nécropoles Kerma de l'île de Saï, III. Études sur l'Égypte et le Soudan anciens (Cahiers de Recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie et d'Égyptologie de Lille 3), 43–66.Google Scholar
Gratien, B. (1978). Les cultures Kerma; essai de classification. Lille.
Grdseloff, B. (1948). Remarques concernant l'opposition à un rescrit du vizir. Ann. Serv. Antiquités Égypte 48, 505–12.Google Scholar
Grieshammer, R. (1974). Die altägyptische Sargtexte in der Forschung seit 1936. Ägyptologische Abhandlungen 28. Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Griffith, F. LI. (1898). The Petrie Papyri: hieratic papyri from Kahun and Gurob (principally of the Middle Kingdom). London.
Griffiths, J. G. (1960). The conflict of Horus and Seth. Liverpool.
Griffiths, J. G. (1966). The origins of Osiris. Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 9, Berlin.
Grove, A. T., Street, F. Alayne and Goudie, A. S. (1975). Former lake levels and climatic change in the rift valley of southern Ethiopia. Geogrl J. 141, 177–202.Google Scholar
Guest, E. M. (1926). Women's titles in the Middle Kingdom. Ancient Egypt 46–50.Google Scholar
Gunn, B. (1929). A Middle Kingdom stela from Edfu. Ann. Serv. Antiquites Égypte 29, 5–14.Google Scholar
Habachi, L. (1957). Tell Basta. Cairo.
Habachi, L. (1958). God's fathers and the role they played in the history of the First Intermediate Period? Ann. Serv. Antiquites Égypte 55, 167–90.Google Scholar
Habachi, L. (1972). The second stela of Kamose, and his struggle against the Hyksos ruler and his capital. Glückstadt.
Habachi, L. (1974). A high inundation in the temple of Amenre at Karnak in the Thirteenth Dynasty. Stud. altägypt. Kultur 1, 207–14.Google Scholar
Hall, H. T. B. (1962). A note on the cattle skulls excavated at Faras. Kush 10, 58–61.Google Scholar
Hallo, W. W. and Simpson, W. K. (1971). The ancient Near East: a history. New York.
Hamada, A. and Farid, S. (1947). Excavations at Kôm el-Ḥisn, season 1945. Ann. Serv. Antiquités Égypte 46, 195–205.Google Scholar
Hansen, D. P. (1965). Mendes 1964. J. Am. Res. Cent. Egypt 4, 31–7.Google Scholar
Hansen, D. P. (1967). Mendes 1965 and 1966, I. The excavations at Tell el Rub'a. J. Am. Res. Cent. Egypt 6, 5–16.Google Scholar
Harris, J. R. (1961). Lexicographical studies in ancient Egyptian minerals. Berlin.
Hassan, S. (1943). Excavations at Gîza, vol. IV: 1932–1933. Cairo.
Hayes, W. C. (1946). Royal decrees from the temple of Min at Coptus. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 32, 3–23.Google Scholar
Hayes, W. C. (1947). Horemkha'uef of Nekhen and his trip to Iṯ-towe. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 33, 3–11.Google Scholar
Hayes, W. C. (1953a). The scepter of Egypt, pt 1. New york.
Hayes, W. C. (1953b). Notes on the government of Egypt in the late Middle Kingdom. J. Near East. Stud. 12, 31–9.Google Scholar
Hayes, W. C. (1955). A papyrus of the late Middle Kingdom in the Brooklyn Museum [Papyrus Brooklyn 35.1446]. Brooklyn. (Reprinted with an additional page of errata and recent bibliography as Wilbour Monographs 5.)
Hays, T. R. (1975a). Neolithic settlement patterns in Saharan Africa. S. Afr. archaeol. Bull. 30, 29–33.Google Scholar
Hays, T. R. (1975b). Neolithic settlement of the Sahara as it relates to the Nile Valley. In Wendorf, F. and Marks, A. E. (eds.), Problems in prehistory: North Africa and the Levant, 193–204. Dallas.Google Scholar
Heinzelin, J. (1968). Geological history of the Nile Valley in Nubia. In Wendorf, F. (ed.); The prehistory of Nubia, vol. 1, 19–55. Dallas.Google Scholar
Helck, H. W. (1958). Zur Verwaltung des mittleren und neuen Reichs. ed. Kees, H., III; Probleme der Ägyptologie, Leiden–Cologne.Google Scholar
Helck, H. W. (1954). Untersuchungen zu den Beamtentiteln des ägyptischen Alten Reiches. Glückstadt.
Helck, H. W. (1955). Zur Reichseinigung der II. Dynastie. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 80, 75–6.Google Scholar
Helck, H. W. (1956a). Wirtschaftliche Bemerkungen zum privaten Grabbesitz im Alten Reich. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 14, 63–75.Google Scholar
Helck, H. W. (1956b). Untersuchungen zu Manetho und den ägyptischen Königslisten. Berlin.
Helck, H. W. (1957). Bemerkungen zu den Pyramidenstädten im Alten Reich. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 15, 91–111.Google Scholar
Helck, H. W. (1958). Zur Verwaltung des Mittleren und Neuen Reichs. Leiden and Cologne.
Helck, H. W. (ed.) (1968). Geschichte des alten Ägypten, Handbuch der Orientalisk, Abt. 1, Bd. 1, Absch. 3. Leiden and Cologne.Google Scholar
Helck, H. W. (1969). Eine Stele Sebekhotops IV. aus Karnak. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 24, 194–200.Google Scholar
Helck, H. W. (1970). Die Prophezeiung des Nfr.tj. Textzusammenstellung. Wiesbaden.
Helck, H. W. (1971). Die Beziehungen Ägyptens zu Vorderasien im 3. und 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. 2nd edn. Wiesbaden.
Helck, H. W. (1974a). Ägyptische Aktenkunde des 3. und 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr. Munich and Berlin.
Helck, H. W. (1974b). Bemerkungen zum Annalenstein. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 30, 31–5.Google Scholar
Helck, H. W. (1974c). Die Bedeutung der Felsinschriften J. Lopez, Inscripciones Rupestres Nr. 27 und 28. Stud. altägypt. Kultur 1, 215–25.Google Scholar
Helck, H. W. (1975). Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Alten Ägypten im 3. und 2. Jahrtausend vor Chr. Leiden.
Helck, H. W. (1976). Ägyptische Statuen im Ausland — ein chronologisches Problem. Ugarit-Forsch. 8, 101–15.Google Scholar
Helck, H. W. and Otto, E. (eds.) (1972–00). Lexikon der Ägyptologie, vols 1. Wiesbaden.
Hellström, P. and , H. Langballe (1970). The rock drawings. Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia. Stockholm and New York.Google Scholar
Helms, S. W. (1975a). Jawa 1973: a preliminary report. Levant 7, 20–38.Google Scholar
Helms, S. W. (1975b). Posterns in Early Bronze Age fortifications of Palestine. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 107, 133–50.Google Scholar
Helms, S. W. (1976). Jawa excavations 1974: a preliminary report. Levant 8, 1–23.Google Scholar
Hennessy, J. B. (1967). The foreign relations of Palestine during the Early Bronze Age. London.
Hepper, N. (1969). Arabian and African frankincense trees. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 55, 66–72.Google Scholar
Herzog, R. (1968). Punt. Glückstadt.
Hesse, A. (1971). Tentative interpretation of the surface distribution of remains on the upper fort of Mirgissa (Sudanese Nubia). In Hodson, F. R., Kendall, D. G. and Tautu, P. (eds.), Mathematics in the archaeological and historical sciences 436–44. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Hester, J. J. and Hobler, P. M. (1969). Prehistoric settlement patterns in the Libyan desert. Antrop. Pap. Univ. Utah 92, Nubian series 4.
Hintze, F. (1964). Das Kerma-Problem. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 91, 79–86.Google Scholar
Hintze, F. (1965). Preliminary note on the epigraphic expedition to Sudanese Nubia, 1963. Kush 13, 13–16.Google Scholar
Hobler, P. M. and Hester, J. J. (1968). Prehistory and environment in the Libyan desert. S. Afr. archaol. Bull. 23, 120–30.Google Scholar
Hodjache, S. and Berlev, O. (1977). Objets royaux du Musée des Beaux-Arts Pouchkine à Moscou. Chronique d'Égypte 52, 22–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, I. (1967). Die Kulturen des Niltals von Aswan bis Sennar; vom Mesolithikum bis zum Ende der christlichen Epoche. Hamburg.
Hölscher, W. (1955). Libyer und Ägypter. Glückstadt, Hamburg and New York.
Horn, S. H. (1963). Byblos in ancient records. Andrews Univ. Sem. Stud. 1, 52–61.Google Scholar
Hornung, E. (1966). Geschichte als Fest; zwei Vorträge zum Geschichtsbild der frühen Menschzeit. Darmstadt.
Hornung, E. (1973). Die ‘Kammern’ des Thot-Heiligtumes. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 100, 33–5.Google Scholar
Hornung, E. (1974). Seth, Geschichte und Bedeutung eines ägyptischen Gottes. Symbolen 2, 49–63.Google Scholar
Huard, P. and Leclant, J. (1972). Problèmes archéologiques entre le Nil et le Sahara. Etudes Scientifiques, Cairo.
Huard, P. (1965). Recherches sur les traits culturels des chasseurs anciens du Sahara centre-oriental et du Nil. Rev. Egypt 17, 21–80.Google Scholar
Huard, P. (1967–8). Influences culturelles transmises au Sahara tchadien par le Groupe C de Nubie. Kush 15, 84–124.Google Scholar
Huard, P. and Allard, L. (1970). Etat des recherches sur les chasseurs anciens du Nil et du Sahara. Bibliotheca Orient. 27, 322–7.Google Scholar
Ingham, M. F. (1969). The length of the Sothic cycle. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 55, 36–40.Google Scholar
Jacquet-Gordon, H. K. (1962). Les noms des domaines funéraires sous l' Ancien Empire égyptien. Cairo.
James, T. G. H. (1961). A group of inscribed Egyptian tools. Br. Mus. Quarterly 24, 36–43.Google Scholar
James, T. G. H. (1962). The Hekanakhte papers and other early Middle Kingdom documents. New York.
Janssen, J. J. (1975). Commodity prices from the Ramessid period. Leiden.
Jéquier, G. (1929). Tombeaux de particuliers contemporains de Pepi II. Cairo.
Jéquier, G. (1935). La pyramide d' Aba. Cairo.
Jéquier, G. (1938). Le monument funéraire de Pepi II, vol. II: Le temple. Cairo.Google Scholar
Jéquier, G. (1940a). Le monument funéraire de Pepi II, vol. III: Les approches du temple. Cairo.Google Scholar
Jéquier, G. (1940b). Douze ans de fouilles dans la nécropole memphite 1924–1936. Mém. Univ. Neuchatel 15.Google Scholar
Junge, F. (1973). Zur Fehldatierung des sog. Denkmals memphitischer Theologie oder: Der Beitrag der ägyptischen Theologie zur Geistesgeschichte der Spätzeit. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 29, 195–204.Google Scholar
Jungwirth, J. (1970). Die anthropologischen Ergebnisse der Grabungskampagne 1969 in Tell ed Dab'a, Unterägypten. Ann. naturbist. Mus. Vienna 74, 659–66.Google Scholar
Junker, H. (1955). Gîza XII. Vienna.
Kadish, G. E. (1966). Old Kingdom Egyptian activity in Nubia: some reconsiderations. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 52, 23–33.Google Scholar
Kadish, G. E. (1973). British Museum writing board 5645: The complaints of Khakheper-rē'-senebu. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 59, 77–90.Google Scholar
Kaiser, W. (1956). Zu den Sonnenheiligtümern der 5. Dynastie. Mitt. dt. Archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 14, 104–16.Google Scholar
Kaiser, W. (1961). Einige Bemerkungen zur ägyptischen Frühzeit. II. Zur Frage einer über Menes hinausreichenden ägyptischen Geschichtsüberlieferung. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 86, 39–61.Google Scholar
Kaiser, W., Grossmann, P., Haeny, G. and Jaritz, H. (1974). Stadt und Tempel von Elephantine. Vierter Grabungsbericht. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 30, 65–90.Google Scholar
Kanawati, N. (1974). The financial resources of the viziers of the Old Kingdom and the historical implications. Archaeol. Hist. Stud. Alexandria 5, 1–20.Google Scholar
Kanawati, N. (1976). The mentioning of more than one eldest child in Old Kingdom inscriptions. Chronique d' Egypte 51, 235–51.Google Scholar
Kanawati, N. (1977). The Egyptian administration in the Old Kingdom. Warminster.
Kantor, H. J. (1965). The relative chronology of Egypt and its foreign correlations before the Late Bronze Age. In Ehrich, R. W. (ed.), Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 1–46. Chicago.Google Scholar
Kaplony, P. (1965). Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung des Totenkultes im Alten Ägypten. Asiat. Stud. 18–19, 290–307.Google Scholar
Kaplony, P. (1968). Neues Material zu einer Prosopographie des Alten Reiches. Mitt. Inst. Orientforsch. 14, 192–205.Google Scholar
Kaplony, P. (1972). Das Papyrusarchiv von Abusir. Orientalia n.s. 41, 11–79, 180–244.Google Scholar
Kaplony-Heckel, U. (1971a). Ägyptische Handschriften, pt 1, ed. Lüddeckens, E.. (Voigt, W. (ed.), Verzeichnis der Orientalischen Handschriften in Deutschland, vol. XIX.) Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Kaplony-Heckel, U. (1971b). Eine hieratische Stela des Mittleren Reichs. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 57, 20–7.Google Scholar
Kappel, W. (1974). Irrigation development and population pressure. In Downing, T. E. and Gibson, M. (eds.), Irrigation's impact on society (Anthrop. Pap. Univ. Arizona, 25), 159–67. Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Kees, H. (1940). Beiträge zur Geschichte des Vezirats im Alten Reich. Die Chronologie der Vezire unter König Chiops II. Nach. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen, Phil.-hist. Kl. 4.Google Scholar
Kemp, B. J. (1968). The Osiris temple at Abydos. Mitt. dt. archäol Inst. Abt. Cairo 23, 138–55.Google Scholar
Kemp, B. J. (1973). The Osiro temple at Abydos. A postscript to MDAIK 23 (1968) 138–155. Götting. Misz. 8, 23–5.Google Scholar
Kemp, B. J. (1972). Fortified towns in Nubia. In Ucko, P. J., Tringham, R. and Dimbleby, G. W. (eds.), Man, settlement and urbanism, 651–6. London.Google Scholar
Kemp, B. J. (1976a). Dating Pharaonic cemeteries. Part I: non-mechanical approaches to seriation. Mitt, dt archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 31, 93–116.Google Scholar
Kemp, B. J. (1976b). A note on stratigraphy at Memphis. J. Am. Res. Cent. Egypt 13, 25–9.Google Scholar
Kemp, B. J. (1977a). An incised sherd from Kahun (Egypt). J. Near East. Stud. 36, 289–92.Google Scholar
Kemp, B. J. (1977b). The early development of towns in Egypt. Antiquity 51, 185–200.Google Scholar
Kemp, B. J. (1978). The harim-palace at Medinet el-Ghurab Z.Ä.S. 105, 122–33.Google Scholar
Kemp, B. J. and Merrillees, R. S. (1980). Minoan pottery in second millennium Egypt. Mainz am Rhein.
Kenyon, K. M. (1969). The Middle and Late Bronze Age strata at Megiddo. Levant 1, 25–60.Google Scholar
Kirwan, L. P. (1939). Oxford University excavations at Firka. Oxford.
Kitchen, K. A. (1961). An unusual stela from Abydoss. J. Egypt. Archaeol 47, 10–18.Google Scholar
Kitchen, K. A. (1967a). Byblos, Egypt, and Mari in the early second millennium B.C. Orientalia 36, 39–54.Google Scholar
Kitchen, K. A. (1967b). An unusual Egyptian text from Byblos. Bull. Mus. Beyrouth 20, 149–53.Google Scholar
Kitchen, K. A. (1971). Punt and how to get there. Orientalia 40, 184–208.Google Scholar
Klasens, A. (1968). A social revolution in ancient Egypt. Études et Travaux 2 (Prace Zakladu Archaeologii Śródziemnomorskiej Polskiej Akademii Nauk 6), 6–13.Google Scholar
Knudstad, J. (1966). Serra East and Dorginarti. Kush 14, 165–86.Google Scholar
Koenen, L. (1970). The prophecies of a potter: a prophecy of world renewal becomes an apocalypse. In Samuel, D. H. (ed.), Proc. XII Int. Congr. Papyrology 249–54. Toronto.Google Scholar
Kuchman, L. (1977). The titles of queenship: part I, the evidence from the Old Kingdom. Newsl. Soc. Stud. Egypt. antiquities, Toronto 7, 9–12.Google Scholar
Lanczkowski, G. (1959). Das Königtum im Mittleren Reich. In La regalità sacra/The sacral kingship (Studies in the history of religions, vol. IV). Leiden.Google Scholar
Larsen, H. (1935). Vorbericht über die schwedischen Grabungen in Abu Ghalib 1932–1934. Mitt. dt. Inst. ägypt. Altertumskunde Cairo 6, 41–87.Google Scholar
Lauer, J.-P. (1973). Remarques sur la planification de la construction de la grande pyramide. Bull. Inst. fr. Archéol. orient. Cairo 73, 127–42.Google Scholar
Lauer, J.-P. (1974). Le mystère des pyramides Paris.
Lauer, J.-P. (1976). A propos du prétendu désastre de la pyramide de Meïdoum. Chronique d' Egypte 51, 72–89.Google Scholar
Lawrence, A. W. (1965). Ancient Egyptian fortifications. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 51, 69–94.Google Scholar
Leclant, J. (1954). Fouilles et travaux en Égypte, 1952–1953. Orientalia 23, 64–79.Google Scholar
Leclant, J. (1969). Fouilles et travaux en Égypte et au Soudan, 1967–1968. Orientalia 38, 240–307.Google Scholar
Leclant, J. (1974). Fouilles et travaux en Égypte et au Soudan, 1972–1973. Orientalia 43, 171–227.Google Scholar
Leclant, J. and Heyler, A. (1961). Sur l'administration de l'Égypte au Moyenet Nouvel-Empire. Orient. Literaturz. 56, 118–29.Google Scholar
Lees, S. H. (1974). Hydraulic development as a process of response. Hum. Ecol. 2, 159–75.Google Scholar
Legrain, G. (1905). The king Samou or Seshemou and the enclosures of el-Kab. Proc. Soc. Bibl. Archaeol. 27, 106–11.Google Scholar
Lichtheim, M. (1973). Ancient Egyptian literature; a book of readings, vol. I: The Old and Middle Kingdoms. Berkeley.
Limme, L. (1973). Les oases de Khargeh et Dakhleh d'après les documents égyptiens de l'époque pharaonique. Études sur l'Égypte et le Soudan anciens (Cahiers de Recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie et d' Égyptologie de Lille 1), 39–58.Google Scholar
Lloyd, A. B. (1970). The Egyptian Labyrinth. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 56, 81–100.Google Scholar
Long, R. D. (1974). A re-examination of the Sothic chronology of Egypt. Orientalia 43, 261–74.Google Scholar
Long, R. D. (1976). Ancient Egyptian chronology, radiocarbon dating and calibration. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 103, 30–48.Google Scholar
Lopez, J. (1967). Inscriptions de l'Ancien Empire à Khor el-Aquiba. Rev. Egypt. 19, 57–66.Google Scholar
Lowie, R. H. Museum of Anthropology (1966). Ancient Egypt. (Exhibition Catalogue.) Berkeley.Google Scholar
Lucas, A. and Harris, J. R. (1962). Ancient Egyptian materials and industries, 4th edn. London.
Macadam, M. F. L. (1951). A royal family of the Thirteenth Dynasty. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 37, 20–8.Google Scholar
Macadam, M. F. L. (1955). The temples of Kawa, vol. 11. London.
MacDonald, J. (1972). Egyptian interests in Western Asia to the end of the Middle Kingdom: an evaluation. Austral. J. Bibl. Archaeol. 2, 72–98.Google Scholar
Mace, A. C. (1921). Excavations at Lisht. Bull. Metropol. Mus. Art pt 2, 5–19.Google Scholar
Mace, A. C. (1922). Excavations at Lisht. Bull Metropol. Mus. Art pt 2, 4–18.Google Scholar
Maragioglio, V. and Rinaldi, C. (1968). Note sulla piramide di Ameny 'Aamu. Orientalia 37, 325–38.Google Scholar
Maragioglio, V. and Rinaldi, C. (1971). Considerazioni sulla città Ḏd-Snfrw. Orientalia 40, 67–74.Google Scholar
Marinatos, S. (1974). Excavations at Thera, vol. VI (1962 season). Athens.
Martin, G. T. (1968). A new prince of Byblos. J. Near East. Stud. 27, 141–2.Google Scholar
Martin, G. T. (1969). A ruler of Byblos of the Second Intermediate Period. Berytus 18, 81–3.Google Scholar
Martin-Parday, E. (1976). Untersuchungen zur ägyptischen Provinzialverwaltung bis zum Ende des Alten Reiches. Hildesheim.
Matthews, J. M. (1975). An inscribed sherd from the Palestine Exploration Fund. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 107, 151–3.Google Scholar
Matthiae, M. P. (1978). Recherches archéologiques à Ebla, 1977: le quartier administratif du palais royal G. C.r. Acad. Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 204–36.Google Scholar
Maystre, C. (1975). Découvertes récentes (1969–1972). prés d'Akasha. In Michalowski, K. (ed.), Nubia: récentes recherches. Actes du colloque Nubiologique International au Musée national de Varsovie 19–22 juin 1972, 88–92. Warsaw.Google Scholar
Mazar, B. (1968). The Middle Bronze Age in Palestine. Israel Exploration J. 18, 65–97.Google Scholar
McHugh, W. P. (1974a). Cattle pastoralism in Africa – a model for interpreting archaeological evidence from the eastern Sahara desert. Arctic Anthrop. 11 (Suppl), 236–44.Google Scholar
McHugh, W. P. (1974b). Late prehistoric cultural adaptation in southwest Egypt and the problem of the Nilotic origins of Saharan cattle pastoralism. J. Am. Res. Cent. Egypt 11, 9–22.Google Scholar
McHugh, W. P. (1975). Some archaeological results of the Bagnold-Mond expedition to the Gilf Kebir and Gebel 'Uweinat, southern Libyan desert. J. Near East Stud. 34, 31–62.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J. (1959). The royal treasure of Dorak. Illustrated London News 28 November 1959, 754.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J. (1979). Egyptian and Near Eastern chronology: a dilemma? Antiquity 53, 6–18.Google Scholar
Mendelssohn, K. (1974). The riddle of the pyramids London.
Menghin, O. and Bittel, K. (1934). Kasr el Sagha. Mitt. dt. Inst. ägypt. Altertumskunde Cairo 5, 1–10.Google Scholar
Menu, B. (1970). La gestion du patrimoine foncier d'Hekanakhte. Rev. Égypt. 22, 111–29.Google Scholar
Menu, B. and Harari, I. (1974). La notion de proptiété privée dans l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Cahiers de Recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie et d'Égyptologie de Lille 2, 125–54.Google Scholar
Merrillees, R. S. (1968). The Cypriote Bronze Age pottery found in Egypt. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 18, Lund.
Merrillees, R. S. (1970). Evidence for the bichrome wheel-made ware in Egypt. Austral. J. Bibl. Archaeol. 1, 3–27.Google Scholar
Merrillees, R. S. (1974). Trade and transcendence in the Bronze Age Levant. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 39, Göteborg.
Merrillees, R. S. (1978). El-Lisht and Tell el-Yahudiya Ware in the Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut. Levant 10, 75–98.Google Scholar
Meshel, Z. (1974). New data about the ‘desert kites’. Tel Aviv 1, 129–43.Google Scholar
Mesnil du Buisson, R. du (1970). Etudes sur les dieux phéniciens hérités par l'Empire remain. Leiden.
Meulenaere, H. (1971). La statue d'un contemporain de Sébekhotep IV. Bull. Inst. fr. Archéol. orient. Cario 69, 61–4.Google Scholar
Meyer, E. (1887). Geschichte des alten Aegyptens. Berlin.
Meyer, E. (1968). Einfübrung in die antike Staatskunde. Darmstadt.
Michael, H. N. and Ralph, E. K. (1970). Correction factors applied to Egyptian radiocarbon dates from the era before Christ. In Olsson, I. U. (ed.), Radiocarbon variations and absolute chronology. 109–19. New York and Stockholm.Google Scholar
Michalowski, K., Linage, J., Manteuffel, J. and Garnot, J. Sainte Fare (1938). Tell Edfou 1938>. Cairo.
Michałowski, K., Desroches, Ch., Linage, J., Manteuffel, J. and Żejmo-Żejmis, (1950). Tell Edfou 1939. Cairo.
Mills, A. J. (1965). The reconnaissance and survey from Gemai to Dal: a preliminary report for 1963–64. Kush 13, 1–12.Google Scholar
Mills, A. J. (1967–8). The archaeological survey from Gemai to Dal – a report on the 1965–1966 season. Kush 15, 200–10.Google Scholar
Mills, A. J. and Nordström, H.-A. (1966). The archaeological survey from Gemai to Dal. Preliminary report on the season 1964–65. Kush 14, 1–15.Google Scholar
Mitchell, W. P. (1963). The hydraulic hypothesis: a reappraisal. Curr. Anthrop. 14, 532–4.Google Scholar
Mond, Robert Sir and Myers, O. H. (1937). Cemeteries of Armant, 2 vols. London.
Montet, P. (1928). Byblos et l'Égypte. Quatre campagnes de fouilles à Gebeil 1921–1922–1923–1924. Paris.
Montet, P. (1936). Les tombeaux de Siout et de Deir Rifeh, 3. Kêmi 6, 131–63.Google Scholar
Montet, P. (1957). Géographie de l'Égypte ancienne, vol. 1. Paris.
Montet, P. (1964). Notes et documents pour servir à l'histoire des relations entre l'Égypte et la Syrie. XIII. Kêmi 17, 61–8.Google Scholar
Morenz, S. (1973). Egyptian religion. Translated by Keep, A. E.. London.
Morgan, J. (1895). Fouilles à Dahchour, mars–juin 1894. Vienna.
Morgan, J. (1897). Carte de la nécropole memphite. Cairo.
Morgan, J. (1903). Fouilles à Dahchour en 1894–1895. Vienna.
Moursi, M. I. (1972). Die Hobenpriester des Sonnengottes von der Frühzeit bis zum Ende des Neuen Reiches. Munich and Berlin.
Moussa, A. M. (1971). A stela from Saqqara of a family devoted to the cult of King Unis. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 27, 81–4.Google Scholar
Mrsich, T. (1968). Unstersuchungen zur Hausurkunde des Alten Reiches. Berlin and Munich.
Müller, D. (1961). Der gute Hirte. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte ägyptischer Bildrede. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 85, 126–44.Google Scholar
Müller, H. W. (1960). Kopf einer Statue des ägyptischen Sonnengottes aus dem Alten Reich. Pantheon N.S. 18, 109–13.Google Scholar
Müller, H. W. (1964). Der Gute Gott Radjedef, Sohn des Rê. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 91, 129–33.Google Scholar
Murnane, W. J. (1977). Ancient Egyptian coregencies. Chicago.
Murray, G. W. (1962). Graves of oxen in the eastern desert of Egypt. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 12, 248–9.Google Scholar
Murray, G. W. (1965). Harkhuf's third journey. Geogrl J. 131, 72–5.Google Scholar
Naumann, R. (1939). Der Tempel des Mittleren Reiches in Medīnet Mādi. Mitt. dt. Inst. ägypt. Altertumskunde Cairo 8, 185–9.Google Scholar
Needler, W. (1961). Four relief-sculptures from the pyramid of Sesostris I at Lisht. Annual (Art & Archaeol. Div.), Roy. Ontario Mus. 15–26.Google Scholar
Newberry, P. E. (1938). Three Old Kingdom travellers to Byblos and Pwenet. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 24, 182–4.Google Scholar
Nims, C. F. (1938). Some notes on the family of Mereruka. Jl Am. orient. Soc. 58, 638–47.Google Scholar
Nordström, H.-A. (1966). A-Group and C-Group in Upper Nubia. Kush 14, 63–8.Google Scholar
O'Connor, D. B. (1971). Ancient Egypt and Black Africa – early contacts. Expedition 14, 2–9.Google Scholar
O'Connor, D. B. (1972). A regional population in Egypt to circa 600 B.C. In Spooner, B. (ed.), Population growth: anthropological implications, 78–100. Cambridge, Mass. and London.Google Scholar
O'Connor, D. B. (1974). Political systems and archaeological data in Egypt: 2600–1780 B.C. World Archaeol. 6, 15–38.Google Scholar
Oren, E. D. (1973a). The Early Bronze IV period in northern Palestine and its cultural and chronological setting. Bull. Am. Sch. orient. Res. 210, 20–37.Google Scholar
Oren, E. D. (1973b). The overland route between Egypt and Canaan in the Early Bronze Age. Israel Exploration J. 23, 198–205.Google Scholar
Osing, J. (1976). Ächtungstexte aus dem Alten Reich (II). Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 32, 133–85.Google Scholar
Otto, E. (1951). Die Endsituation der ägyptischen Kultur. Die Welt als geschichte 114, 203–13.Google Scholar
Otto, E. (1956). Prolegomena zur Frage der Gesetzgebung und Rechtssprechung in Ägypten. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 14, 150–9.Google Scholar
Otto, E. (1964–6). Geschichtsbild und Geschichtsschreibung in Ägypten. Welt des Orients 3, 161–76.Google Scholar
Otto, E. (1969). Legitimation des Herrschens im pharaonischen Ägypten. Saeculum, Munich 20, 385–411.Google Scholar
Parker, R. A. (1950). The calendars of ancient Egypt. Chicago.
Parker, R. A. (1970). The beginning of the lunar month in ancient Egypt. J. Near East. Stud. 29, 217–20.Google Scholar
Parker, R. A. (1976). The Sothic dating of the Twelfth and Eighteenth Dynasties. Studies in honor of George R. Hughes 177–89. Chicago.Google Scholar
Parr, P. J. (1968). The origin of the rampart fortifications of Middle Bronze Age Palestine and Syria. Z. dt. Palästina-Vereins 84, 18–45.Google Scholar
Peet, T. E. (1914). The cemeteries of Abydos, pt II: 1911–1912. Egypt Exploration Fund Memoir 34, London.
Peet, T. E. (1930). The great tomb-robberies of the Twentieth Egyptian Dynasty. Oxford.
Pendlebury, J. D. S. (1930). Aegyptiaca; a catalogue of Egyptian objects in the Aegean area. Cambridge.
Peterson, B. J. (1965–6). Two Egyptian stelae. Orient. Suecana 14–15, 3–8.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. F. (1890). Kahun, Gurob, and Hawara. London.
Petrie, W. M. F. (1891). Illahun, Kahun and Gurob. London.
Petrie, W. M. F. (1901). Diospolis Parva. Egypt Exploration Fund, Memoir 20. London.
Petrie, W. M. F. (1902). Abydos, pt I: 1902. Egypt Exploration Fund Memoir 22. London.
Petrie, W. M. F. (1903). Abydos pt II: 1903. Egypt Exploration Fund Memoir 24. London.
Petrie, W. M. F. (1906). Hyksos and Israelite cities. London.
Petrie, W. M. F. (1909). Qurneh. London.
Petrie, W. M. F. (1924a). A history of Egypt, vol. I: from the earliest kings to the XVth Dynasty, 11th edn, revised. London.
Petrie, W. M. F. (1924b). A history of Egypt, vol. II: during the XVIIth and XVIIIth Dynasties, 7th edn, enlarged. London.
Petrie, W. M. F. and Brunton, G. (1924). Sedment, vol. 1. London.
Piotrovsky, B. B. (1966). [Two Egyptian inscriptions of the Sixth Dynasty in Wadi Allaki.] Vestnik Drevnei Istorii 92 (sic, read 95), 80–2. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Piotrovsky, B. B. (1967). The Early Dynastic settlement of Khor-Daoud and Wadi-Allaki: the ancient route to the gold mines. In Fouilles en Nubie (1961–1963) (Campagne Internationale de l'UNESCO pour la sauvegarde des monuments de la Nubie), 127–40. Cairo.Google Scholar
Pirenne, J. (1932–5). Histoire des institutions et du droit privé de l'ancienne Égypte. Brussels.
Pirenne, J. (1949). Le domaine dans l'ancien Empire égyptien. Recueils Soc. Jean Bodin 4, 5–24.Google Scholar
Pirenne, J. and Stracmans, M. (1954). Le testament à l'époque de l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Rev. Int. Droits Antiquité 1, 49–72.Google Scholar
Porter, B. and Moss, R. L. B. (1927–51). Topographical bibliography of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic texts, reliefs and paintings 1st edn, 7 vols. Oxford.
Porter, B. and Moss, R. L. B. (1972). Topographical bibliography…, vol. 11 (2nd edn).
Posener, G. (1957b). Les Asiatiques en Égypte sous la XIIe et XIIIe dynasties. Syria 34.Google Scholar
Posener, G. (1952). A propos des graffiti d'Abisko. Archiv Orientálni 20, 163–6.Google Scholar
Posener, G. (1956). Littérature et politique dans l'Égypte de la XIIe dynastie. Paris.
Posener, G. (1957a). Le conte de Néferkarè et du général Siséné (Recherches Littéraires, VI). Rev. Egypt. 11, 119–37.Google Scholar
Posener, G. (1957b). Les Asiatiques en Égypte sous la XIIe et XIIIe dynasties. Syria 34, 145–63.Google Scholar
Posener, G. (1958a). Pour une localisation du pays Koush au Moyen Empire. Kush 6, 39–68.Google Scholar
Posener, G. (1958b). [Nehasyu and Medjayu.] Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 83, 38–43.Google Scholar
Posener, G. (1960). De la divinité du Pharaon. Cahiers de la société Asiatique 15). Paris.
Posener, G. (1966). Les textes d'envoûtement de Mirgissa. Syria 43, 277–87.Google Scholar
Posener, G. (1969). Sur l'emploi euphémique de ḫftj(w) ‘ennemi (s)’. Z. ägypt Sprache Altertumskunde 96, 30–5.Google Scholar
Posener, G. (1971). À la recherche de nouveaux textes d'envoûtement. In Proc. V World Congr. Jewish Studies, 144–9. Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Posener-Kriéger, P. (1969). Sur un nom de métal égyptien. In Ugaritica 6 (Institut français d' Archéologie de Beyrouth: Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 81), 419–26. Paris.Google Scholar
Posener-Kriéger, P. (1976). Les archives du temple funéraire de Néferirkarê-Kakaï, les payrus d' Abousir; traduction et commentaire. Cairo and Paris.
Posener-Kriéger, P. and Cenival, J. L. (1968). Hieratic papyri in the British Museum, Series V: The Abu Sir Papyri. London.
Pounds, N. J. G. (1969). The urbanization of the Classical world. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 59, 135–57.Google Scholar
Prag, K. (1974). The Intermediate Early Bronze-Middle Bronze Age: an interpretation of the evidence from Transjordan, Syria and Lebanon. Levant 6, 69–116.Google Scholar
Priese, K.-H. (1974). 'rm und '3m, das Land Irame. Eine Beitrag zur Topographie des Sudan im Altertum. Altorient. Forsch. 1, 7–41.Google Scholar
Pritchard, J. B. (ed.) (1969). Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament, 3rd edn with supplement. Princeton.
Quibell, J. E. (1898). El Kab. London.
Quibell, J. E. (1900). Hierakonpolis, pt 1. London.
Quibell, J. E. (1907). Excavations at Saqqara (1905–1906). Cairo.
Quibell, J. E. and Green, F. W. (1902). Hierakonpolis, pt 2. London.
Quitta, H. (1972). Zu einigen Problemen und Perspektiven der Radiocarbon-datierung. Ausgrabungen und Funde 17, 99–109.Google Scholar
Rainey, A. F. (1972). The world of Sinuhe. Israel Orient. Stud. 2, 369–408.Google Scholar
Ralph, E. K., Michael, H. N. and Han, M. C. (1973). Radiocarbon dates and reality. MASCA Newsletter, 9, no. 1.Google Scholar
Randall-MacIver, D. and Woolley, C. L. (1911). Buhen. Philadelphia.
Read, J. G. (1970). Early Eighteenth Dynasty chronology. J. Near East. Stud. 29, 1–11. (See also: R. A. Parker, 217–20.)Google Scholar
Redford, D. B. (1970). The Hyksos invasion in history and tradition. Orientalia 39, 1–51.Google Scholar
Redford, D. B. (1975). The historiography of ancient Egypt. Unpublished paper, Conference on Ancient Egypt: problems of history, sources and methods. Cairo.
Redford, D. B. (1977). The oases in Egyptian history to Classical times. Newsl. Soc. Stud. Egypt. Antiquities 7, I, 7–10; II, 2–4; III, 2–6.Google Scholar
Reisner, G. A. (1918). The tomb of Hepzefa, nomarch of Siût. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 5, 79–98.Google Scholar
Reisner, G. A. (1923). Excavations at Kerma, pts I–III, pts iv–v. Cambridge, Mass.
Reisner, G. A. (1931). Mycerinus: the temples of the third pyramid at Giza. Cambridge, Mass.
Reisner, G. A. (1955). Clay sealings of Dynasty XIII from Uronarti Fort. Kush 3, 26–9.Google Scholar
Reisner, G. A. and Smith, W. S. (1955). A history of the Giza necropolis, vol. II: The tomb of Hetep-heres the mother of Cheops. Cambridge, Mass.
Reisner, G. A., Dunham, D. and Janssen, J. M. A. (1960). Semna Kumma. (Second Cataract Forts, vol. 1.) Boston.
Reisner, G. A., Wheeler, N. F. and Dunham, D. (1967). Uronarti Shalfak Mirgissa. (Second Cataract Forts, vol. II.) Boston.
Resch, W. F. E. (1966–9). Das Alter der östägyptischen und nubischen Felsbilder. IPEK 22, 114–22.Google Scholar
Resch, W. F. E. (1967a). Das Rind in den Felsbilddarstellungen Nordafrikas. Wiesbaden.
Resch, W. F. E. (1967b). Die Felsbilder Nubiens. Graz.
Reymond, E. A. E. (1969). The mythical origin of the Egyptian temple. Manchester.
Riad, H. (1958). Le culte d'Amenemhat III au Fayoum à l'époque ptolémaïque. Ann. Serv. Antiquités Égypte 55, 203–6.Google Scholar
Ricke, H. (1965). Das Sonnenheiligtum des Königs Userkaf, vol. 1. Cairo.
Riefstahl, E. (1956). Two hairdressers of the Eleventh Dynasty. J. Near East. Stud. 15, 10–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robichon, C. and Varille, A. (1940). Description sommaire du temple primitif de Médamud. Cairo.
Rothenberg, B. (1969). An archaeological survey of south Sinai; first season 1967/68, a preliminary report. Mus. Haaretz Bull. 11, 22–38.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, B. (1970–1). An archaeological survey of South Sinai. First season 1967/1968, preliminary report. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 102, 4–29.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, B. (1972). Sinai explorations 1967–1972. Mus. Haaretz Bull. 14, 31–42.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, B. (1972–3). Sinai explorations III. A preliminary report on the sixth season of an archaeological survey of Sinai, February 1973. Mus. Haaretz Yearb. 15–16, 16–34.Google Scholar
Rowe, A. (1930). The topography and history of Beth-Shan. Philadelphia.
Rowe, A. (1940). The four Canaanite temples of Beth-shan. Philadelphia.
Said, R., Albritton, C., Wendorf, F., Schild, R. and Kobusiewicz, M. (1972a). A preliminary report on the Holocene geology and archaeology of the northern Fayum desert. Playa Lake Symposium, 41–61. Texas.Google Scholar
Said, R., Albritton, C., Wendorf, F., Schild, R. and Kobusiewicz, M. (1972b). Remarks on the Holocene geology and archaeology of northern Fayum desert. Archaeologia Polona 13, 7–22.Google Scholar
Saleh, A.-A. (1972). Some problems relating to the Pwenet reliefs at Deir el-Bahari. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 58, 140–58.Google Scholar
Saleh, A.-A. (1974). Excavations around Mycerinus pyramid complex. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 30, 131–54.Google Scholar
Saleh, M. (1977). Three Old-Kingdom tombs at Thebes. Mainz.
Sanders, J. A. (ed.) (1970). Near Eastern archaeology in the twentieth century New York.
Sauneron, S. (1954). La justice à la porte des temples (à propos du nom égyptien des propylées). Bull. Inst. Fr. Archéol. orient. Cairo 54, 117–27.Google Scholar
Säve-Söderbergh, T. and Olsson, I. U. (1970). C14 dating and Egyptian chronology. In Olsson, I. U. (ed.), Radiocarbon variations and absolute chronology (Proc. XII Nobel Symposium). New York and Stockholm.Google Scholar
Säve-Söderbergh, T. (1941). Ägypten und Nubien: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte altägyptischer Aussenpolitik. Lund.
Säve-Söderbergh, T. (1946). The navy of the Eighteenth Egyptian Dynasty. Uppsala and Leipzig.
Säve-Söderbergh, T. (1949). A Buhen stela from the Second Intermediate Period (Khartūm no. 18). J. Egypt. Archaeol. 35, 50–8.Google Scholar
Säve-Söderbergh, T. (1956). The Nubian Kingdom of the Second Intermediate Period. Kush 4, 54–61.Google Scholar
Säve-Söderbergh, T. (1963). The tomb of the Prince of Teh-khet, Amenemhet. Kush 11, 159–74.Google Scholar
Säve-Söderbergh, T. (1969). Die Akkulturation der nubischen C-Gruppe im Neuen Reich. Z. dt. morgenländ. Ges. (Suppl I), 17, 12–20.Google Scholar
Säve-Söderbergh, T. and Olsson, I. U. (1970). C14 dating and Egyptian chronology. In Olsson, I. U. (ed.), Radiocarbon variations and absolute chronology (Proc. XII Nobel Symposium), 35–53. New York and Stockholm.Google Scholar
Sayed, A. M. A. H. (1977). Discovery of the site of the 12th Dynasty port at Wadi Gawasis on the Red Sea shore. Rev. Egypt 29, 138–78.Google Scholar
Schachermeyr, F. (1967). Ägäis und Orient. Vienna.
Schäfer, H. (1902). Ein Bruchstück altägyptischer Annalen. Berlin.
Scharff, A. (1920). Ein Rechnungsbuch des königlichen Hofes aus der 13. Dynastie (Papyrus Boulaq Nr. 18). Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 56, 51–68.Google Scholar
Schenkel, W. (1962). Frühmittelägyptische Studien. Bonn.
Schenkel, W. (1965). Memphis Herakleopolis Theben; die epigraphischen Zeugnisse der 7.–11. Dynastie Agyptens. Ägyptologische Abhandlungen 12. Wiesbaden.
Schenkel, W. (1973). Ein Türsturz von der Grabkapelle des Königs W3ḥ-‘nḪ Antef. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 29, 215–19.Google Scholar
Schenkel, W. (1978). Die Bewässerungsrevolution im alten Ägypten. Mainz. (This important book appeared too late for its conclusions to be considered in the text.)
Schmid, H. H. (1968). Gerechtigkeit als Weltordnung. Tübingen.
Schmitz, B. (1976). Untersuchungen zum Titel S3-Njswt ‘Königssohn’. Bonn.
Schulman, A. R. (1976). The Egyptian seal impressions from ‘En Besor. ‘Atiqot 11, 16–26.Google Scholar
Seger, J. D. (1975). The MBII fortifications at Shechem and Gezer: a Hyksos retrospective. Eretz-Israel 12, 34*–45*.Google Scholar
Seters, J. (1964). A date for the ‘Admonitions’ in the Second Intermediate Period. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 50.Google Scholar
Seters, J. (1966). The Hyksos; a new investigation. New Haven and London.
Seters, J. (1964). A date for the ‘Admonitions’ in the Second Intermediate Period. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 50, 13–23.Google Scholar
Seters, J. (1966). The Hyksos; a new investigation. New Haven and London.
Sethe, K. (1932–3). Urkunden des alten Reichs. Steindorff, G. (ed.), Urkunden des ägyptischen Altertums, 2nd edn, vol. 1. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Shaw, W. B. Kennedy (1936a). An expedition in the Southern Libyan desert. Geogl J. 87, 193–221.Google Scholar
Shaw, W. B. Kennedy (1936b). Two burials from the south Libyan desert. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 22, 47–50.Google Scholar
Shore, A. F. (1973). A soldier's archery case from ancient Egypt. Brit Mus. Quarterly 37, 4–9.Google Scholar
Simpson, W. K. (1954). Two Middle Kingdom personifications of seasons. J. Near East. Stud. 13, 265–8.Google Scholar
Simpson, W. K. (1956). The single-dated monuments of Sesostris I: an aspect of the institution of coregency in the Twelfth Dynasty. J. Near East. Stud. 15, 214–19.Google Scholar
Simpson, W. K. (1957). Sobkemhēt, a vizier of Sesostris III. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 43, 26–9.Google Scholar
Simpson, W. K. (1959). Historical and lexical notes on the new series of Hammamat inscriptions. J. Near East. Stud. 18, 20–37.Google Scholar
Simpson, W. K. (1963a). Studies in the Twelfth Egyptian Dynasty: I–II. J. Am. Res. Cent. Egypt 2, 53–63.Google Scholar
Simpson, W. K. (1963b). Papyrus Reisner I: the records of a building project in the reign of Sesostris I. Boston.
Simpson, W. K. (1963c). Heka-nefer. New Haven and Philadelphia.
Simpson, W. K. (1965). Papyrus Reisner II: accounts of the dockyard workshop at Thais in the reign of Sesostris I. Boston.
Simpson, W. K. (1969a). The Dynasty XIII stela from the Wadi Hammamat. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 25, 154–8.Google Scholar
Simpson, W. K. (1969b). Papyrus Reisner III; the records of a building project in the early Twelfth Dynasty. Boston.
Simpson, W. K. (1972). A tomb chapel relief of the reign of Amunemhet III and some observations on the length of the reign of Sesostris III. Chronique d'Egypte 47, nos. 93–94, 45–54.Google Scholar
Simpson, W. K. (ed.) (1973). The literature of ancient Egypt; an anthology of stories, instructions, and poetry, with translations by Faulkner, R. O., Wente, E. F. Jr., and Simpson, W. K.. New Haven and London.
Slater, R. A. (1970). Dendereh and the University Museum, 1888–1970. Expedition 12, 15–20.Google Scholar
Smith, H. S. (1964). Egypt and C14 dating. Antiquity 38, 32–7.Google Scholar
Smith, H. S. (1966a). The Nubian B-Group. Kush 14, 69–124.Google Scholar
Smith, H. S. (1966b). Preliminary report on the rock inscriptions in the Egypt Exploration Society's concession at Buhen. Kush 14, 330–4.Google Scholar
Smith, H. S. (1966c). Kor: report on the excavations of the Egypt Exploration Society at Kor, 1965. Kush 14, 187–243.Google Scholar
Smith, H. S. (1972). The rock inscriptions of Buhen. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 58, 43–61.Google Scholar
Smith, H. S. (1976). The fortress of Buhen; the inscriptions. Egypt Exploration Society Memoir 48. London.
Smith, H. S. and Smith, A. (1976). A reconsideration of the Kamose texts. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 103, 48–76.Google Scholar
Smith, P. E. L. (1968). Problems and possibilities of the prehistoric rock art of northern Africa. Afr. Hist. Stud. 1, 1–39.Google Scholar
Smith, W. S. (1946). A history of Egyptian sculpture and painting in the Old Kingdom. Boston and London.
Smith, W. S. (1957). Fragments of a statuette of Chephren. Wien. Z. Kunde Morgenlandes 54, 186–90.Google Scholar
Smith, W. S. (1958). The art and architecture of ancient Egypt. Harmondsworth.
Smith, W. S. (1962). Some recent accessions. Bull. Mus. Fine Arts, Boston 60, no. 322, 132–6.Google Scholar
Smith, W. S. (1965). Interconnections in the ancient Near East: a study of the relationships between the arts of Egypt, the Aegean, and Western Asia. New Haven and London.
Smith, W. S. (1969). Influence of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt in Western Asia, especially in Byblos. Am. J. Archaeol. 73, 277–81.Google Scholar
Smither, P. C. (1941). A tax-assessor's journal of the Middle Kingdom. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 27, 74–6.Google Scholar
Smither, P. C. (1945). The Semnah Despatches. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 31, 3–10.Google Scholar
Smither, P. C. (1948). The report concerning the slave-girl Senbet. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 34, 31–4.Google Scholar
Soghor, C. L. (1967). Mendes 1965 and 1966, II. The inscriptions from Tell el Rub‘a. J. Am. Res. Cent. Egypt 6, 16–32.Google Scholar
Steckeweh, H. (1936). Die Fürstengräber von Qaw. Leipzig.
Steindorff, G. (1937). Aniba, vol. 11. Glückstadt.
Stiebing, W. H. (1971). Hyksos burials in Palestine: a review of the evidence. J. Near East. Stud. 30, 110–17.Google Scholar
Stracmans, M. (1955). Textes des actes de fondation de l'Ancien Empire. Rev. Int. Droits Antiquité 2, 31–8.Google Scholar
Stracmans, M. (1958). Le titre de Hatj-â sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Rev. Int. Droits Antiquité 5, 21–32.Google Scholar
Strouhal, E. and Jungwirth, J. (1971). Anthropological problems of the Middle Empire and Late Roman Sayala. (Preliminary report on the first stage of the elaboration of the Austrian anthropological material from Nubia). Mitt. anthrop. Ges. Wien 101, 10–23.Google Scholar
Tanner, R. (1974). Bemerkungen zur Sukzession der Pharaonen in der 12., 17, und 18. Dynastie. I. Z. ägypt. Sprache Altertumskunde 101, 121–9.Google Scholar
Théodoridès, A. (1960). Du rapport entre les parties du Pap. Brooklyn 35.1446. Rev. Int. Droits Antiquité 7.
Théodoridès, A. (1959). La procédure dans le Pap. Berlin 10.470. Rev. Int. Droits Antiquité 6, 131–54.
Théodoridès, A. (1960). Du rapport entre les parties du Pap. Brooklyn 35.1446. Rev. Int. Droits Antiquité 7, 55–145.
Théodoridès, A. (1962). Le rôle du Vizir dans la Stèle Juridique de Karnak. Rev. Int. Droits Antiquité 9, 45–135.
Théodoridès, A. (1967). À propos de la loi dans l'Égypte pharaonique. Rev. Int. Droits Antiquité 14, 107–52.
Théodoridès, A. (1968–72). À propos du sixième contrat du gouverneur Hâpidjefa. Annuaire Inst. Philol. Hist. Orientales et Slaves 20, 439–66.
Théodoridès, A. (1970). Le testament dans l'Égypte ancienne. Rev. Int. Droits Antiquité 17, 117–216.
Théodoridès, A. (1971a). Les contrats d'Hapidjefa. Rev. Int. Droits Antiquité 18, 109–251.
Théodoridès, A. (1971b). The concept of law in ancient Egypt. In Harris, J. R. (ed.), The legacy of Egypt, 2nd edn, 291–322. Oxford.Google Scholar
Théodoridès, A. (1972). La révocation d'un acte testamentaire dans le Pap. Kahoun VII.I. Rev. Int. Droits antiquité 19, 129–48.
Théodoridès, A. (1973). Les Égyptiens anciens, ‘citoyens’ ou ‘sujets de Pharaon’. Rev. Int. Droits Antiquité 20, 51–112.Google Scholar
Théodoridès, A. (1974). Mise en ordre chronologique des éléments de la Stèle Juridique de Karnak, avec ses influences sur la procédure. Rev. Int. Droits Antiquité 21, 31–74.Google Scholar
Thompson, T. L. (1975). The settlement of Sinai and the Negev in the Bronze Age. Wiesbaden.
Thompson, T. L. (1978). The background of the Patriarchs: a reply to William Dever and Malcolm Clark. J. Stud. Old Testament 9, 2–43.Google Scholar
Toynbee, A. (1971). An ekistical study of the Hellenic city-state. Athens.
Trigger, B. G. (1965). History and settlement in Lower Nubia. Yale Univ. Publs Anthrop. 69.
Trigger, B. (1965). History and settlement in Lower Nubia. Yale Univ. Publs Anthrop. 69. New Haven.
Trigger, B. G. (1965). History and settlement in Lower Nubia. New Haven.
Trigger, B. G. (1976a). Kerma: the rise of an African civilization. Int. J. Afr. hist. stud. 9, 1–21.Google Scholar
Trigger, B. G. (1976b). Nubia under the Pharaohs. London.
Tufnell, O. (1973). The Middle Bronze Age scarab-seals from burials on the mound at Megiddo. Levant 5, 69–82.Google Scholar
Tufnell, O. (1975). Seal impressions from Kahûn town and Uronarti fort. J. Egypt. Archaeol. 61, 67–101.Google Scholar
Tufnell, O. and Ward, W. A. (1966). Relations between Byblos, Egypt and Mesopotamia at the end of the third millennium B.C. A study of the Montet jar. Syria 43, 165–241.Google Scholar
Tylor, J. J. and Griffith, F. LI. (1894). The tomb of Paheri at el Kab. Egypt Exploration Fund Memoir II. London.
Valloggia, M. (1962). Amenemhat IV et sa corégence avec Amenemhat III. Rev. Egypt. 21, 107–33.Google Scholar
Valloggia, M. (1974). Les vizirs des XIe et XIIe dynasties. Bull Inst. fr. Archéol. orient. Cairo 74, 123–34.Google Scholar
Vandersleyen, C. (1971). Les Guerres d'Amosis, fondateur de la XVIIIe dynastie. Monogr. Reine Elisabeth I. Brussels.
Vandersleyen, C. (1971). Les guerres d' Amosis. Brussels.
Vandersleyen, C. (ed.) (1975). Das Alte Ägypten. Berlin.
Vandier, J. (1936). La famine dans l'Égypte ancienne. Cairo.
Vandier, J. (1950). Mo‘alla. La tombe d'Ankhtifi et la tombe de Sébekhotep. Cairo.
Vandier, J. (1958). Manuel d'archéologie égyptienne vol. III: Les grandes époques, la statuaire. Paris.
Vandier, J. (1968). Une stèle égyptienne portant un nouveau nom royal de la troisième dynastie. C.r. Acad. Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 16–22.Google Scholar
Velde, H. te (1967). Seth, god of confusion: a study of his role in Egyptian mythology and religion. Leiden.
Vercoutter, J. (1956). L'Egypte et le monde égéen préhellenique: étude critique des sources égyptiennes. Cairo.
Vercoutter, J. (1957). Upper Egyptian settlers in Middle Kingdom Nubia. Kush 5, 61–9.Google Scholar
Vercoutter, J. (1959). The gold of Kush. Kush 7, 120–53.Google Scholar
Vercoutter, J. (1964). La stèle de Mirgissa IM.209 et la localisation d'Iken (Kor ou Mirgissa?). Rev. Egypt. 16, 179–91.Google Scholar
Vercoutter, J. (1966). Semna South fort and the records of Nile levels at Kumma. Kush 14, 125–64.Google Scholar
Vercoutter, J. (1970). Mirgissa vol. 1. Paris.
Vercoutter, J. (1975a). Mirgissa vol. II: Les nécropoles pt 1. Paris and Lille.
Vercoutter, J. (1975b). Le roi Ougaf et la XIIIe dynastie sur la IIme cataracte (stèle de Mirgissa IM.375). Rev. Egypt. 27, 222–34.Google Scholar
Vercoutter, J. (1976a). Egyptologie et climatologie. Les crues du Nil à Semneh. Etudes sur l'Egypte et le Soudan anciens (Cahiers de Recherches de I'Institut de papyrologie et d'Egyptologie de Lille 4), 139–72.Google Scholar
Vercoutter, J. (1976b). Mirgissa, vol. III: Les nécropoles, pt 2. Paris and Lille.
Vercoutter, J. (1977a). Les travaux de l'Institut français d'Archéologie orientale en 1976–1977. Bull. Inst. fr. Archéol. orient. Cairo 77, 271–86.Google Scholar
Vercoutter, J. (1977b). Les poids de Mirgissa et le ‘standard-cuivre’ au Moyen Empire. Ägypten und Kusch (Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients 13), 437–45.Google Scholar
Vermeule, E. and Vermeule, C. (1970). Aegean gold hoard and the court of Egypt. Curator 13, 32–42.Google Scholar
Vila, A. (1963). Un dépot de textes d'envoûtement au Moyen Empire. J. Savants 135–60.Google Scholar
Vila, A. (1970). L'armement de la forteresse de Mirgissa-Iken. Rev. Égypt. 22, 171–99.Google Scholar
Vila, A. (1973). Un rituel d'envoûtement au Moyen Empire égyptien. In L'homme, hier et aujourd'hui: recueil d'études en hommage à André Leroi-Gourhan, 625–39. Paris.Google Scholar
Vila, A. (1975–). La prospection archéologique de la vallée du Nil, au sud de la Cataracte de Dal (Nubie Soudanaise), vols. 1ff. Paris.
Vycichl, W. (1954–6). Die Fürsten von Libyen. Ann. Ist. Univ. orient. Naples 6, 43–8.Google Scholar
Vycichl, W. (1959). The burial of the Sudanese kings in the Middle Ages. Kush 7, 221–2.Google Scholar
Waddell, W. G. (1940). Manetho. Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Mass. and London.
Wainwright, G. A. (1927). El Hibeh and esh Shurafa and their connection with Herakleopolis and Cusae. Ann. Serv. Antiquités Égypte 27, 76–104.Google Scholar
Ward, W. A. (1961). Egypt and the East Mediterranean in the early second millennium b.c. Orientalia 30, 22–45 and 129–55.Google Scholar
Ward, W. A. (1964). Relations between Egypt and Mesopotamia from prehistoric times to the end of the Middle Kingdom. J. econ. social Hist. Orient 7, 1–45 and 121–35.Google Scholar
Ward, W. A. (1970). The origin of Egyptian design-amulets (‘button seals’). J. Egypt. Archaeol. 56, 65–80.Google Scholar
Ward, W. A. (1971). Egypt and the East Mediterranean world 2200–1900 b.c. Beirut.
Ward, W. A. (1976). Some personal names of the Hyksos period rulers and notes on the epigraphy of their scarabs. Ugarit-Forsch. 8, 353–69.Google Scholar
Warren, P. (1969). Minoan stone vases. Cambridge.
Watermann, U. and Watermann, R. (1957). Über die rätselvolle Gestalt der Königin von Punt. Homo 8, 148–54.Google Scholar
Weigall, A. E. P. (1907). A report on the antiquities of Lower Nubia. Oxford.
Weil, A. (1908). Die Veziere des Pharaonenreiches, pt 1: Die Veziere des Alten Reiches. Strasbourg.
Weinstein, J. M. (1975). Egyptian relations with Palestine in the Middle Kingdom. Bull. Am. Sch. orient. Res. 217, 1–16.Google Scholar
Wente, E. (1975). Thutmose III's accession and the beginning of the New Kingdom. J. Near East. Stud. 34, 265–72.Google Scholar
Wildung, D. (1969a). Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewusstsein ihrer Nachwelt, pt 1. Munich and Berlin.
Wildung, D. (1969b). Zur Frühgeschichte des Amun-Tempels von Karnak. Mitt. dt. archäol. Inst. Abt. Cairo 25, 212–19.Google Scholar
Wildung, D. (1972). Two representations of gods from the early Old Kingdom. Misc. Wilbourana 1, 145–60.Google Scholar
Wildung, D. (1974). Aufbau und Zweckbestimmung der Königsliste von Karnak. Götting. Misz. 9, 42–8.Google Scholar
Williams, R. J. (1964). Literature as a medium of political propaganda in ancient Egypt. In McCullough, W. S. (ed.), The seed of wisdom: essays in honour of T. J. Meek, 14–30. Toronto.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. A. (1951). The burden of Egypt: an interpretation of ancient Egyptian culture. Chicago. (Reprinted as The culture of Ancient Egypt.)Google Scholar
Winlock, H. E. (1947). The rise and fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes. New York.
Winter, E. (1957). Zur Deutung der Sonnenheiligtümer der 5. Dynastie. Wien. Z. Kunde Morgenlandes, 54, 222–33.Google Scholar
Wittfogel, K. A. (1955). Developmental aspects of hydraulic societies. In Steward, J. H. et al., Irrigation civilizations: a comparative study. Washington. (Reprinted (1971) in Streuver, S. (ed.), Prehistoric agriculture, 557–71. New York.)Google Scholar
Wittfogel, K. A. (1957). riental despotism: a comparative study of total power. New Haven and London.
Wright, G. E. (1971). The archaeology of Palestine from the Neolithic through the Middle Bronze Age. Jl Am. orient. Soc. 91, 276–93.Google Scholar
Wright, G. R. H. (1968). Tellel-Yehūdīyah and the glacis. Z. dt. Palästina-Vereins 84, 1–17.Google Scholar
Yadin, Y. (1955). The earliest record of Egypt's military penetration into Asia? Israel Exploration J. 5, 1–16.Google Scholar
Young, W. J. (1972). The fabulous gold of the Pactolus Valley. Boston Mus. Bull. 70, no. 359, 5–13.Google Scholar
Yoyotte, J. (1950). Les filles de Téti et la reine Sheshé du Papyrus Ebers. Rev. Egypt. 7, 184–5.Google Scholar
Yoyotte, J. (1951). Un document relatif aux rapports de la Libye et de la Nubie. Bull. Soc. fr. Egyptol. 6, 9–14.Google Scholar
Yoyotte, J. (1952). Trois notes pour servir à l'histoire d'Edfou. Kêmi 12, 91–2.Google Scholar
Yoyotte, J. (1958). À propos de la parenté féminine du roi Téti (VIe dynastie). Bull. Inst. fr. Archéol. orient. Cairo 57, 91–8.Google Scholar
Yoyotte, J. (1975). Les Sementiou et l'exploitation des régions minières à l'Ancien Empire. Bull. Soc. fr. Egyptol. 73, 44–55.Google Scholar
Žaba, Z. (1951). Dating of the social revolution in ancient Egypt. (Summary of a lecture.) Archiv Orientální 19, 615.Google Scholar
Zayadine, F. (1973). Recent excavations on the citadel of Amman. (A preliminary report.) Ann. Dept Antiquities Jordan 18, 17–35.Google Scholar
Zibelius, K. (1972). Afrikanische Orts- und Völkernamen in hieroglyphischen und hieratischen Texten. Wiesbaden.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×