Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T01:29:53.118Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - Processing Words in a Multilingual Lexicon

from Part II - L3/Ln across Linguistic Domains

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2023

By
Kristin Lemhöfer
Edited by
Jennifer Cabrelli ,
Adel Chaouch-Orozco ,
Jorge González Alonso ,
Sergio Miguel Pereira Soares ,
Eloi Puig-Mayenco  and
Jason Rothman
Jennifer Cabrelli
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Chicago
Adel Chaouch-Orozco
Affiliation:
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Jorge González Alonso
Affiliation:
Universidad Nebrija, Spain and UiT, Arctic University of Norway
Sergio Miguel Pereira Soares
Affiliation:
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics
Eloi Puig-Mayenco
Affiliation:
King's College London
Jason Rothman
Affiliation:
UiT, Arctic University of Norway and Universidad Nebrija, Spain
Get access

Summary

Multilinguals are impressive masters of flexibility. They can speak in only one language at a time without any apparent trouble, but also switch their languages easily if necessary. This apparent paradox has led researchers to ask whether multilinguals’ knowledge of their languages – such as the knowledge of words – is stored and accessed separately or together. This chapter summarizes what we currently know about the structure and workings of the tri- and multilingual lexicon, reviewing findings for word recognition, word production, and translation, as well as evidence from neurocognitive studies. It shows that the answer to the question how the trilingual mental lexicon is organized is not a simple, black-or-white one (i.e., ‘integrated’ or ‘separate’). Rather, the available evidence supports a nuanced view of trilingual word processing that is co-determined by characteristics of the individual and their acquisition history, the properties of the involved languages, and the nature of the task.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Third Language Acquisition , pp. 165 - 194
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. W. (2008). Control Mechanisms in Bilingual Language Production: Neural Evidence from Language Switching Studies. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23(4), 557–582.Google Scholar
Acheson, D. J., Ganushchak, L. Y., Christoffels, I. K., & Hagoort, P. (2012). Conflict Monitoring in Speech Production: Physiological Evidence from Bilingual Picture Naming. Brain and Language, 123(2), 131–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allopenna, P. D., Magnuson, J. S., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (1998). Tracking the Time Course of Spoken Word Recognition Using Eye Movements: Evidence for Continuous Mapping Models. Journal of Memory and Language, 38(4), 419–439.Google Scholar
Alvarez, R. P., Holcomb, P. J., & Grainger, J. (2003). Accessing Word Meaning in Two Languages: An Event-Related Brain Potential Study of Beginning Bilinguals. Brain and Language, 87(2), 290–304.Google Scholar
Amengual, M. (2012). Interlingual Influence in Bilingual Speech: Cognate Status Effect in a Continuum of Bilingualism. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(3), 517–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amengual, M. (2021). The Acoustic Realization of Language-Specific Phonological Categories Despite Dynamic Cross-Linguistic Influence in Bilingual and Trilingual Speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 149(2), 1271–1284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aparicio, X., & Lavaur, J.-M. (2016). Masked Translation Priming Effects in Visual Word Recognition by Trilinguals. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 45(6), 1369–1388.Google Scholar
Bartolotti, J., & Marian, V. (2019). Learning and Processing of Orthography-to-Phonology Mappings in a Third Language. International Journal of Multilingualism, 16(4), 377–397.Google Scholar
Beauvillain, C., & Grainger, J. (1987). Accessing Interlexical Homographs: Some Limitations of a Language-Selective Access. Journal of Memory and Language, 26(6), 658–672.Google Scholar
Belke, E., Meyer, A. S., & Damian, M. F. (2005). Refractory Effects in Picture Naming as Assessed in a Semantic Blocking Paradigm. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (Section A), 58(4), 667–692.Google Scholar
Bijeljac-Babic, R., Biardeau, A., & Grainger, J. (1997). Masked Orthographic Priming in Bilingual Word Recognition. Memory and Cognition, 25(4), 447–457.Google Scholar
Biloushchenko, I. B. (2017). How Trilinguals Process Cognates and Interlingual Homographs: The Effects of Activation, Decision, and Cognitive Control. Doctoral dissertation. University of Antwerp, Belgium,Google Scholar
Bobb, S. C., Von Holzen, K., Mayor, J., Mani, N., & Carreiras, M. (2020). Co-activation of the L2 During L1 Auditory Processing: An ERP Cross-Modal Priming Study. Brain and Language, 203, article 104739.Google Scholar
Brysbaert, M., & Duyck, W. (2010). Is It Time to Leave behind the Revised Hierarchical Model of Bilingual Language Processing after Fifteen Years of Service? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(03), 359–371.Google Scholar
Brysbaert, M., Van Dyck, G., & Van De Poel, M. (1999). Visual Word Recognition in Bilinguals: Evidence from Masked Phonological Priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25(1), 137–148.Google Scholar
Canseco-Gonzalez, E., Brehm, L., Brick, C. A., et al. (2010). Carpet or Cárcel: The Effect of Age of Acquisition and Language Mode on Bilingual Lexical Access. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25(5), 669–705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaouch-Orozco, A., González Alonso, J., & Rothman, J. (2021). Individual Differences in Bilingual Word Recognition: The Role of Experiential Factors and Word Frequency in Cross-Language Lexical Priming. Applied Psycholinguistics, 42(2), 447–474.Google Scholar
Coderre, E. L., Smith, J. F., Van Heuven, W. J. B., & Horwitz, B. (2016). The Functional Overlap of Executive Control and Language Processing in Bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(3), 471–488.Google Scholar
Colomé, A. (2001). Lexical Activation in Bilinguals’ Speech Production: Language-Specific or Language-Independent? Journal of Memory and Language, 45(4), 721–736.Google Scholar
Costa, A., & Caramazza, A. (1999). Is Lexical Selection in Bilingual Speech Production Language-Specific? Further Evidence from Spanish–English and English–Spanish Bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2(3), 231–244.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Miozzo, M., & Caramazza, A. (1999). Lexical Selection in Bilinguals: Do Words in the Bilingual’s Two Lexicons Compete for Selection? Journal of Memory and Language, 41(3), 365–397.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Caramazza, A., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2000). The Cognate Facilitation Effect: Implications for Models of Lexical Access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(5), 1283–1296.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Colomé, À., Gómez, O., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2003). Another Look at Cross-Language Competition in Bilingual Speech Production: Lexical and Phonological Factors. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6(3), 167–179.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Santesteban, M., & Caño, A. (2005). On the Facilitatory Effects of Cognate Words in Bilingual Speech Production. Brain and Language, 94(1), 94–103.Google Scholar
Crinion, J., Turner, R., Grogan, A., Et Al. (2006). Language Control in the Bilingual Brain. Science, 312, 1537–1540.Google Scholar
Dalrymple-Alford, E. C., & Aamiry, A. (1969). Language and Category Clustering in Bilingual Free Recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8(6), 762–768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Bot, K. (1992). A Bilingual Production Model: Levelt’s “Speaking” Model Adapted. Applied Linguistics, 13(1), 1–24.Google Scholar
de Bot, K. (2004). The Multilingual Lexicon: Modelling Selection and Control. International Journal of Multilingualism, 1(1), 17–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Groot, A. M. B., & Hoeks, J. C. J. (1995). The Development of Bilingual Memory: Evidence from Word Translation by Trilinguals. Language Learning, 45(4), 683–724.Google Scholar
de Groot, A. M. B., Delmaar, P., & Lupker, S. J. (2000). The Processing of Interlexical Homographs in Translation Recognition and Lexical Decision: Support for Nonselective Access to Bilingual Memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (A), 53(2), 397–428.Google Scholar
de Groot, A. M. B., Borgwaldt, S., Bos, M., & Van Den Eijnden, E. (2002). Lexical Decision and Word Naming in Bilinguals: Language Effects and Task Effects. Journal of Memory and Language, 47(1), 91–124.Google Scholar
Dewaele, J.-M. (1998). Lexical Inventions: French Interlanguage as L2 versus L3. Applied Linguistics, 19(4), 471–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dijkstra, T., & Van Heuven, W. J. B. (1998). The BIA Model and Bilingual Word Recognition. In Grainger, J. & Jacobs, A. M. (Eds.), Localist Connectionist Approaches to Human Cognition (pp. 189–225). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T., & Van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The Architecture of the Bilingual Word Recognition System: From Identification to Decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5(3), 175–197.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Van Heuven, W. J. B., & Grainger, J. (1998a). Simulating Cross-Language Competition with the Bilingual Interactive Activation Model. Psychologica Belgica, 38(3–4), 177–196.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Van Jaarsveld, H., & Ten Brinke, S. (1998b). Interlingual Homograph Recognition: Effects of Task Demands and Language Intermixing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(1), 51–66.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Hilberink-Schulpen, B., & Van Heuven, W. J. B. (2010a). Repetition and Masked Form Priming within and between Languages Using Word and Nonword Neighbors. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(3), 341–357.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Miwa, K., Brummelhuis, B., Sappelli, M., & Baayen, H. (2010b). How Cross-Language Similarity and Task Demands Affect Cognate Recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 62(3), 284–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dijkstra, T., Wahl, A., Buytenhuijs, F., et al. (2019). Modelling Bilingual Lexical Processing: A Research Agenda and Desiderabilia. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22(4), 703–713.Google Scholar
Duyck, W., & Brysbaert, M. (2004). Forward and Backward Number Translation Requires Conceptual Mediation in Both Balanced and Unbalanced Bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30(5), 889–906.Google Scholar
Duyck, W., & Brysbaert, M. (2008). Semantic Access in Number Word Translation: The Role of Crosslingual Lexical Similarity Experimental Psychology, 55(2), 102–112.Google Scholar
Duyck, W., Diependaele, K., Drieghe, D., & Brysbaert, M. (2004). The Size of the Cross-Lingual Masked Phonological Priming Effect Does Not Depend on Second Language Proficiency. Experimental Psychology, 51(2), 116–124.Google Scholar
European Commission. (2012). Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages. https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/1049.Google Scholar
Eurostat (2019). Foreign Language Skills Statistics. https://ec.eueu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Foreign_language_skills_statistics#Number_of_foreign_languages_known.Google Scholar
Gollan, T. H., Forster, K. I., & Frost, R. (1997). Translation Priming with Different Scripts: Masked Priming with Cognates and Noncognates in Hebrew–English Bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23(5), 1122–1139.Google ScholarPubMed
Goral, M., Levy, E. S., Obler, L. K., & Cohen, E. (2006). Cross-Language Lexical Connections in the Mental Lexicon: Evidence from a Case of Trilingual Aphasia. Brain and Language, 98(2), 235–247.Google Scholar
Grainger, J., & Frenck-Mestre, C. (1998). Masked Priming by Translation Equivalents in Proficient Bilinguals. Language and Cognitive Processes, 13(6), 601–623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, D. W. (1998). Mental Control of the Bilingual Lexico-semantic System. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(2), 67–81.Google Scholar
Grosjean, F. (2001). The Bilingual’s Language Modes. In Nicol, J. (Ed.), One Mind, Two Languages: Bilingual Language Processing (pp. 1–22). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Haigh, C. A., & Jared, D. (2007). The Activation of Phonological Representations by Bilinguals While Reading Silently: Evidence from Interlingual Homophones. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(4), 623–644.Google Scholar
Hermans, D. (2004). Between-Language Identity Effects in Picture-Word Interference Tasks: A Challenge for Language-Nonspecific or Language-Specific Models of Lexical Access? International Journal of Bilingualism, 8(2), 115–125.Google Scholar
Hermans, D., Bongaerts, T., De Bot, K., & Schreuder, R. (1998). Producing Words in a Foreign Language: Can Speakers Prevent Interference from Their First Language? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(3), 213–229.Google Scholar
Hsieh, M.-C., Jeong, H., Sugiura, M., & Kawashima, R. (2021). Neural Evidence of Language Membership Control in Bilingual Word Recognition: An FMRI Study of Cognate Processing in Chinese–Japanese Bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, article 643211.Google Scholar
Jared, D., & Szucs, C. (2002). Phonological Activation in Bilinguals: Evidence from Interlingual Homograph Naming. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5(3), 225–239.Google Scholar
Keatley, C. W., Spinks, J. A., & De Gelder, B. (1994). Asymmetrical Cross-Language Priming Effects. Memory and Cognition, 22(1), 70–84.Google Scholar
Klaus, J., Lemhöfer, K., & Schriefers, H. (2018). The Second Language Interferes with Picture Naming in the First Language: Evidence for L2 Activation during L1 Production. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 33(7), 867–877.Google Scholar
Klein, D., Milner, B., Zatorre, R. J., Visca, R., & Olivier, A. (2002). Cerebral Organization in a Right-Handed Trilingual Patient with Right-Hemisphere Speech: A Positron Emission Tomography Study. Neurocase, 8(5), 369–375.Google Scholar
Kolers, P. A. (1963). Interlingual Word Associations. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2(4), 291–300.Google Scholar
Kolers, P. A. (1966). Reading and Talking Bilingually. American Journal of Psychology, 79(3), 357–376.Google Scholar
Kroll, J. F., & Ma, F. (2018). The Bilingual Lexicon. In Fernández, E. M. & Smith Cairns, H. (Eds.), Handbook of Psycholinguistics (pp. 294–319). New York: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category Interference in Translation and Picture Naming: Evidence for Asymmetric Connections Between Bilingual Memory Representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33(2), 149–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroll, J. F., Van Hell, J. G., Tokowicz, N., & Green, D. W. (2010). The Revised Hierarchical Model: A Critical Review and Assessment. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(3), 373–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kujalowicz, A., & Zajdler, E. (2009). Language Activation and Lexical Processing by Polish Learners of English and Chinese: The Role of Learning Experience in TLA. International Journal of Multilingualism, 6(1), 85–104.Google Scholar
Lauro, J., & Schwartz, A. I. (2017). Bilingual Non-selective Lexical Access in Sentence Contexts: A Meta-analytic Review. Journal of Memory and Language, 92, 217–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., & Dijkstra, T. (2004). Recognizing Cognates and Interlexical Homographs: Effects of Code Similarity in Language Specific and Generalized Lexical Decision. Memory and Cognition, 32(4), 533–550.Google Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., & Michel, M. C. (2004). Three Languages, One ECHO: Cognate Effects in Trilingual Word Recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 19(5), 585–611.Google Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., Schriefers, H., et al. (2008). Native Language Influences on Word Recognition in a Second Language: A Mega-Study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(1), 12–31.Google Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., Huestegge, L., & Mulder, K. (2018). Another Cup of TEE? The Processing of Second Language Near-Cognates in First Language Reading. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 33(8), 968–991.Google Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., Schriefers, H., & Schellenberger, J. (submitted). The Polyglot’s Trouble to Choose: Language Conflict in Trilingual Word Production.Google Scholar
Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999). A Theory of Lexical Access in Speech Production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(1), 1–75.Google Scholar
Li, C., & Gollan, T. H. (2018). Cognates Interfere with Language Selection but Enhance Monitoring in Connected Speech. Memory & Cognition, 46(6), 923–939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libben, M. R., & Titone, D. A. (2009). Bilingual Lexical Access in Context: Evidence from Eye Movements during Reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(2), 381–390.Google Scholar
Lijewska, A., & Chmiel, A. (2015). Cognate Facilitation in Sentence Context: Translation Production by Interpreting Trainees and Non-interpreting Trilinguals. International Journal of Multilingualism, 12(3), 358–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacNamara, J. (1967). The Linguistic Independence of Bilinguals. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6(5), 729–736.Google Scholar
Macnamara, J., & Kushnir, S. L. (1971). Linguistic Independence of Bilinguals: The Input Switch. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10(5), 480–487.Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981). An Interactive Activation Model of Context Effects in Letter Perception, p. 1,An Account of Basic Findings. Psychological Review, 88(5), 375–407.Google Scholar
Meyer, D. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971). Facilitation in Recognizing Pairs of Words: Evidence of a Dependence Between Retrieval Operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90(2), 227–234.Google Scholar
Mickan, A., McQueen, J. M., & Lemhöfer, K. (2020). Between-Language Competition as a Driving Force in Foreign Language Attrition. Cognition, 198, article 104218.Google Scholar
Mulder, K., Van Heuven, W. J. B., & Dijkstra, T. (2018). Revisiting the Neighborhood: How L2 Proficiency and Neighborhood Manipulation Affect Bilingual Processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1860.Google Scholar
Nakayama, M., & Lupker, S. J. (2018). Is There Lexical Competition in the Recognition of L2 Words for Different-Script Bilinguals? An Examination Using Masked Priming with Japanese–English Bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 44(8), 1168–1185.Google Scholar
Nakayama, M., Verdonschot, R. G., Sears, C. R., & Lupker, S. J. (2014). The Masked Cognate Translation Priming Effect for Different-Script Bilinguals Is Modulated by the Phonological Similarity of Cognate Words: Further Support for the Phonological Account. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 26(7), 714–724.Google Scholar
Navarrete, E., Del Prato, P., Peressotti, F., & Mahon, B. Z. (2014). Lexical Selection Is Not by Competition: Evidence from the Blocked Naming Paradigm. Journal of Memory and Language, 76, 253–272.Google Scholar
Neely, J. H. (1977). Semantic Priming and Retrieval from Lexical Memory: Roles of Inhibitionless Spreading Activation and Limited-Capacity Attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106(3), 226–254.Google Scholar
Peeters, D., Dijkstra, T., & Grainger, J. (2013). The Representation and Processing of Identical Cognates by Late Bilinguals: RT and ERP Effects. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(4), 315–332.Google Scholar
Poarch, G. J., & Van Hell, J. G. (2013). Cross-Language Activation in Same-Script and Different-Script Trilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(6), 693–716.Google Scholar
Poort, E. D., Warren, J. E., & Rodd, J. M. (2016). Recent Experience with Cognates and Interlingual Homographs in One Language Affects Subsequent Processing in Another Language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(1), 206–212.Google Scholar
Potter, M. C., So, K.-F., Von Eckardt, B., & Feldman, L. B. (1984). Lexical and Conceptual Representation in Beginning and Proficient Bilinguals. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23(1), 23–38.Google Scholar
Ringbom, H. (2001). Lexical Transfer in L3 Production. In Cenoz, J., Hufeisen, B., & Jessner, U. (Eds.), Cross-Linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition (pp. 59–68). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Roelofs, A., Piai, V., & Garrido Rodriguez, G. (2011). Attentional Inhibition in Bilingual Naming Performance: Evidence from Delta-Plot Analyses. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, article 184.Google Scholar
Santesteban, M., & Schwieter, J. W. (2020). Lexical Selection and Competition in Bilinguals. In Cieślicka, A. B. & Heredia, R. R. (Eds.), Bilingual Lexical Ambiguity Resolution (pp. 126–156). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schriefers, H., & Lemhöfer, K. (in preparation). Translation Distractor Effects in Trilingual Picture Naming.Google Scholar
Schwartz, A. I., & Kroll, J. F. (2006). Bilingual Lexical Activation in Sentence Context. Journal of Memory and Language, 55(2), 197–212.Google Scholar
Spivey, M. J., & Marian, V. (1999). Crosstalk between Native and Second Languages: Partial Activation of an Irrelevant Lexicon. Psychological Science, 10(3), 281–284.Google Scholar
Starreveld, P. A., De Groot, A. M. B., Rossmark, B. M. M., & Van Hell, J. G. (2014). Parallel Language Activation during Word Processing in Bilinguals: Evidence from Word Production in Sentence Context. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(2), 258–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strijkers, K., Costa, A., & Thierry, G. (2010). Tracking Lexical Access in Speech Production: Electrophysiological Correlates of Word Frequency and Cognate Effects. Cerebral Cortex, 20(4), 912–928.Google Scholar
Szubko-Sitarek, W. (2011). Cognate Facilitation Effects in Trilingual Word Recognition. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 1(2), 189–208.Google Scholar
Tomoschuk, B., Duyck, W., Hartsuiker, R. J., Ferreira, V. S., & Gollan, T. H. (2021). Language of Instruction Affects Language Interference in the Third Language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 24(4), 707–718.Google Scholar
Tytus, A. E. (2017). Asymmetrical Priming Effects: An Exploration of Trilingual German-English–French Lexico-semantic Memory. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 46(6), 1625–1644.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van De Putte, E., De Baene, W., Brass, M., & Duyck, W. (2017). Neural Overlap of L1 and L2 Semantic Representations in Speech: A Decoding Approach. NeuroImage, 162, 106–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T. (2002). Foreign Language Knowledge Can Influence Native Language Performance in Exclusively Native Contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9(4), 780–789.Google Scholar
van Heuven, W. J. B., Dijkstra, T., & Grainger, J. (1998). Orthographic Neighborhood Effects in Bilingual Word Recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 39(3), 458–483.Google Scholar
van Heuven, W. J. B., Conklin, K., Coderre, E., Guo, T., & Dijkstra, T. (2011). The Influence of Cross-Language Similarity on Within- and Between-Language Stroop Effects in Trilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, article 374.Google Scholar
Vanhove, J., & Berthele, R. (2015). Item-Related Determinants of Cognate Guessing in Multilinguals. In De Angelis, G., Jessner, U., & Kresic, M. (Eds.), Crosslinguistic Influence and Crosslinguistic Interaction in Multilingual Language Learning (pp. 95–118). London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Vanlangendonck, F., Peeters, D., Rueschemeyer, S.-A., & Dijkstra, T. (2020). Mixing the Stimulus List in Bilingual Lexical Decision Turns Cognate Facilitation Effects into Mirrored Inhibition Effects. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(4), 836–844.Google Scholar
Voga, M., & Grainger, J. (2007). Cognate Status and Cross-script Translation Priming. Memory and Cognition, 35(5), 938–952.Google Scholar
Weber, A., & Cutler, A. (2004). Lexical Competition in Non-native Spoken-Word Recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 50(1), 1–25.Google Scholar
Wen, Y., & Van Heuven, W. J. B. (2018). Limitations of Translation Activation in Masked Priming: Behavioural Evidence from Chinese–English Bilinguals and Computational Modelling. Journal of Memory and Language, 101, 84–96.Google Scholar
Williams, S., & Hammarberg, B. (1998). Language Switches in L3 Production: Implications for a Polyglot Speaking Model. Applied Linguistics, 19(3), 295–333.Google Scholar
Woutersen, M., De Bot, K., & Weltens, B. (1995). The Bilingual Lexicon: Modality Effects in Processing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 24(4), 289–298.Google Scholar
Yazbek, S., Smayra, T., Mallak, I., et al. (2020). Functional MRI Study of Language Organization in Left-Handed and Right-Handed Trilingual Subjects. Scientific Reports, 10(1), article 13165.Google Scholar
Zhou, H., Chen, B., Yang, M., & Dunlap, S. (2010). Language Nonselective Access to Phonological Representations: Evidence from Chinese–English Bilinguals. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(10), 2051–2066.Google Scholar
Zhu, Y., & Mok, P. P. K. (2020). Visual Recognition of Cognates and Interlingual Homographs in Two Non-native Languages: Evidence from Asian Adult Trilinguals. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 10(4), 441–470.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×