Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T02:13:49.610Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

17 - Standard Languages and Standardization in the Context of Bilingual Education

from Part III - Norms, Literacy and Education

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2021

Wendy Ayres-Bennett
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
John Bellamy
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Get access

Summary

This chapter frames bilingual education in a social theoretical perspective on standard languages and standardization that shape the use of more than one language in education and in society. Bilingual education offers a rich area in which to investigate the tensions surrounding standard language, standardization and institutionalized normativity in multilingual contexts. We present the case of bilingual education in the USA, where English language dominance has a long and contentious history. A civil rights and social justice issue in the 1960s and 1970s, a way of transitioning immigrant and minority language children into English-only instruction in the 1980s and an increasing ‘problem’ for standardized assessment and racialized nativist politics since the 1990s, bilingual education remains a highly contested and politicized issue, grounded in conflicting notions of language-as-problem, language-as-right and language-as-resource. We focus on the layered historicity of bilingual education in California, where bilingual education has recently come to evoke a multilingual future in which mobility and global identity figure prominently for all. In this age of globalization, we examine some key questions raised at the intersection of language educational issues, the growing demands of a global economy and the future of bilingual and multilingual education in neoliberal times.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amrein, A. & Peña, R. A. (2000). Asymmetry in dual language practice: Assessing imbalance in a program promoting equality. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 8(8). Retrieved from http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/399/522Google Scholar
Bartsch, R. (1987). Norms of Language: Theoretical and Practical Aspects. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Baugh, J. (2000). Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Blommaert, J. (2008). Artefactual ideologies and the textual production of African languages. Language & Communication, 28(4), 291307.Google Scholar
Bonfiglio, T. P. (2002). Race and the Rise of Standard American. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Bowker, G. C. & Star, S. L. (1999). Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
California Association for Bilingual Education (2017). About CABE. Retrieved from www.gocabe.org/index.php/about/about-cabe/Google Scholar
California Secretary of State (2016). General Election November 8, 2016. Official Voter Information Guide. Proposition 58, pp. 146–48. Retrieved from http://vig.cdn.sos.ca.gov/2016/general/en/pdf/text-proposed-laws.pdf#prop58Google Scholar
Callahan, R. M. & Gándara, P. C., eds. (2014). The Bilingual Advantage: Language, Literacy and the US Labor Market. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canagarajah, S. (2013). Translingual Practice: Global Englishes and Cosmopolitan Relations. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, S. (2018). Translingual practice as spatial repertoires: expanding the paradigm beyond structuralist orientations. Applied Linguistics, 39, 3154.Google Scholar
Cazden, C. B. & Snow, C. E., eds. (1990). English Plus: issues in bilingual education. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 508, Special Issue.Google Scholar
Cervantes-Soon, C. G., Dorner, L., Palmer, D., Heiman, D., Schwerdtfeger, R. & Choi, J. (2017). Combating inequalities in two-way language immersion programs: toward critical consciousness in bilingual education spaces. Review of Research in Education, 41(1), 403–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, J. (1996). Socialization to text: structure and contradiction in schooled literacy. In Silverstein, M. & Urban, G., eds., Natural Histories of Discourse. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 203–28.Google Scholar
Corson, D. (2001). Language Diversity and Education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Crowley, T. (2003). Standard English and the Politics of Language. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummins, J. (2007). Rethinking monolingual instructional strategies in multilingual classrooms. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 10, 234–40.Google Scholar
Del Valle, J. (2014). The politics of normativity and globalization: which Spanish in the classroom? Modern Language Journal, 98(1), 358–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, J. (1997 [1938]). Experience and Education. New York: Touchstone.Google Scholar
Dorner, L. M. (2011). Contested communities in a debate over dual-language education: the import of ‘public’ values on public policies. Educational Policy, 25(4), 577613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas Fir Group (2016). A transdisciplinary approach to SLA in a multilingual world. Modern Language Journal, 100(Suppl.), 1947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duchêne, A. & Heller, M., eds. (2012). Language in Late Capitalism: Pride and Profit. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fairclough, N. (1992). The appropriacy of ‘appropriateness’. In Fairclough, N., ed., Critical Language Awareness. London: Longman, pp. 3356.Google Scholar
Feenberg, A. & Bakardjieva, M. (2004). Consumers or citizens? The online community debate. In Feenberg, A. & Barney, D, eds., Community in the Digital Age. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 130.Google Scholar
Flores, N. (2016). A tale of two visions: hegemonic whiteness and bilingual education. Educational Policy, 30(1), 1338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flores, N. & García, O. (2017). A critical review of bilingual education in the United States: from basements and pride to boutiques and profit. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 37, 1429.Google Scholar
Flores, N. & Rosa, J. (2015). Undoing appropriateness: raciolinguistic ideologies and language diversity in education. Harvard Educational Review, 85(2), 149–71.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (2004). Sécurité, territoire, population: Cours au Colle`ge de France (1977–1978). Paris: Éditions Hautes Études/Gallimard/Seuil.Google Scholar
Galindo, R. (2011). The nativistic legacy of the Americanization era in the education of Mexican immigrant students. Educational Studies, 47(4), 323–46.Google Scholar
García, O. (2009). Bilingual Education in the 21st Century: A Global Perspective. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gramling, D. (2017). Translating culture in the Linguacene: on the politics of large-scale impact of cross-linguistic data retrieval. Paper presented at a colloquium on ‘Translating Culture in Neoliberal Times’ at the AILA 18th World Congress in Rio de Janeiro, 25 July.Google Scholar
Haugen, E. (1966). Dialect, language, nation. American Anthropologist, 68, 922–35.Google Scholar
Heller, M. (1999). Linguistic Minorities and Modernity: A Sociolinguistic Ethnography. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Hornberger, N. (1990). Bilingual education and English only: a language-planning framework. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 508, 1226.Google Scholar
Inoue, M. (2006). Standardization. In Brown, K., ed., Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 121–7.Google Scholar
Joseph, J. E. (1987). Eloquence and Power: The Rise of Language Standards and Standard Languages. London: Frances Pinter.Google Scholar
Labov, W. (1969). The logic of nonstandard English. In Alatis, J. E., ed., 20th Annual Round Table Linguistics and the Teaching of Standard English to Speakers of Other Languages or Dialects. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, Vol. 22, pp. 143.Google Scholar
Lin, A. (2006). Beyond linguistic purism in language-in-education policy and practice: exploring bilingual pedagogies in a Hong Kong science classroom. Language and Education, 20(4), 287305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macías, R. F. (2001). Minority languages in the United States, with a focus on Spanish in California. In Extra, G. & Gorter, D., eds., The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic, and Educational Perspectives. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 333–54.Google Scholar
Makoni, S. & Pennycook, A. (2005). Disinventing and (re)constituting languages. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 2(3), 137–56.Google Scholar
Martínez, R. A., Hikida, M., & Durán, L. (2015). Unpacking ideologies of linguistic purism: how dual language teachers make sense of everyday translanguaging. International Multilingual Research Journal, 9(1), 2642.Google Scholar
Massey, D. S. (2014). The racialization of Latinos in the United States. In Bucerius, S. & Tonry, M., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 2140.Google Scholar
Menken, K. & Solorza, C. (2014). No Child Left Bilingual: accountability and the elimination of bilingual education programs in New York City schools. Educational Policy, 28(1), 96125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miciak, J., Wilkinson, C., Alexander, C. & Reyes, P. (2014). Addressing language variety in educational settings. Educational Policy, 30(6), 82048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mignolo, W. D. (2003). The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality, and Colonization, 2nd edn. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Milroy, J. (2001). Language ideologies and the consequences of standardization. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5, 530–55.Google Scholar
Milroy, J. & Milroy, L. (2012). Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English, 4th edn. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Milroy, L. (1999). Standard English and language ideology in Britain and the United States. In Bex, T. & Watts, R. J., eds., Standard English: The Widening Debate. London: Routledge, pp. 173206.Google Scholar
Orfield, G. & Ee, J. (2014). Segregating California’s Future: Inequality and Its Alternative 60 Years after Brown v. Board of Education. Los Angeles, CA: Civil Rights Project, UCLA.Google Scholar
Ovando, C. J. (2003). Bilingual education in the United States: historical development and current issues. Bilingual Research Journal, 27(1), 124.Google Scholar
Palmer, D. (2010). Race, power, and equity in a multiethnic urban elementary school with a dual-language ‘strand’ program. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 41(1), 94114.Google Scholar
Pavlenko, A. (2002). ‘We have room for but one language here’: language and national identity in the US at the turn of the 20th century. Multilingua, 21(2/3), 163–96.Google Scholar
Petrovic, J. E. (2005). The conservative restoration and neoliberal defenses of bilingual education. Language Policy, 4(4), 395.Google Scholar
Ravitch, D. (1985). The Schools We Deserve: Reflections on the Educational Crises of Our Times. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Rosa, J. D. (2016). Standardization, racialization, languagelessness: raciolinguistic ideologies across communicative contexts. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 26(2), 162–83.Google Scholar
Ruíz, R. (1984). Orientations in language planning. NABE [National Association for Bilingual Education] Journal, 8, 1534.Google Scholar
San Miguel, G. Jr (2013). Chicana/o Struggles for Education: Activism in the Community. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.Google Scholar
Scarcella, R. (2003). Academic English: A Conceptual Framework. Technical Report 2003-1. Berkeley: The University of California Linguistic Minority Research Institute.Google Scholar
Silverstein, M. (1996). Monoglot ‘standard’ in America: standardization and metaphors of linguistic hegemony. In Brenneis, D. & Macaulay, R. K. S., eds., The Matrix of Language: Contemporary Linguistic Anthropology. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 284306.Google Scholar
Stavans, I. (2017). Trump, the Wall and the Spanish Language, Op-ed. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2017/01/30/opinion/trump-the-wall-and-the-spanish-language.html?_r=0Google Scholar
Swett, J. (1876). History of the Public School System in California. San Francisco, CA: A.L. Bancroft & Co.Google Scholar
Tejeda, C. (2011). Genealogies of the student ‘blowouts’ of 1968. In Berta-Avila, M., Tijerina Revilla, A. & López Figueroa, J., eds., Marching Students: Chicana and Chicano Activism in Education, 1968 to the Present. Reno: University of Nevada Press, pp. 942.Google Scholar
Thomas, G. (1991). Linguistic Purism. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Train, R. W. (2003). The (non)native standard language in foreign language education: a critical perspective. In Blyth, C., ed., The Sociolinguistics of Foreign Language Classrooms: Contributions of the Native, the Near-Native and the Non-Native Speaker. Boston, MA: Heinle, pp. 339.Google Scholar
Train, R. W. (2009). Toward a ‘natural’ history of the native (standard) speaker. In Doerr, N. M., ed., The Native Speaker Concept: Ethnographic Investigations of Native Speaker Effects. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 4778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valdés, G. (1997). Dual-language immersion programs: a cautionary note concerning the education of language-minority students. Harvard Educational Review, 67(3), 391430.Google Scholar
Valdés, G. (2017). Entry visa denied: the construction of symbolic language borders in educational settings. In García, O., Flores, N. & Spotti, M., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Language and Society. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 321–48.Google Scholar
Valencia, R. R., ed. (2002). Chicano School Failure and Success: Past, Present, and Future, 2nd edn. London/New York: Routledge/Falmer.Google Scholar
Valdés, G. & Figueroa, R. A. (1994). Bilingualism and Testing: A Special Case of Bias. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, A. (1999). Subtractive Schooling: U.S.–Mexican Youth and the Politics of Caring. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Wei, L. (2017). Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied Linguistics, 39, 930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiese, A.-M. & Garcia, E. E. (2001). The Bilingual Education Act: language minority students and U.S. federal educational policy. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 4(4), 2948.Google Scholar
Zentella, A. C., ed. (2005). Building on Strength: Language and Literacy in Latino Families and Communities. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×