Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T06:28:46.080Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 August 2023

Amy S. Patterson
Affiliation:
University of the South, Tennessee
Tracy Kuperus
Affiliation:
Calvin University, Michigan
Megan Hershey
Affiliation:
Whitworth University, Washington
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Africa's Urban Youth
Challenging Marginalization, Claiming Citizenship
, pp. 220 - 259
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbink, Jon, and van Kessel, Ineke. 2005. Vanguard or Vandals: Youth Politics and Conflict in Africa. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Abdulai, Abdul-Gafuru, and Hickey, Sam. 2016. “The Politics of Development under Competitive Clientelism: Insights from Ghana’s Education Sector.” African Affairs 115 (458): 4472.Google Scholar
Abrahamsen, Paul, and Inglehart, Ronald. 1995. Value Change in Global Perspective. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrahamsen, Rita, and Bareebe, Gerald. 2016. “Uganda’s 2016 Elections: Not Even Faking It Anymore.” African Affairs 115 (461): 751–65.Google Scholar
Abrahamsen, Rita, and Bareebe, Gerald. 2021. “Uganda’s Fraudulent Election.” Journal of Democracy 32 (2): 90104.Google Scholar
Adams, Brian. 2004. “Public Meetings and the Democratic Process.” Public Administration Review 64 (1): 4354.Google Scholar
Adams, Melinda. 2016. “Context and Media Frames: The Case of Liberia.” Politics & Gender 12 (2): 275–95.Google Scholar
Adzande, Patience. 2022. “Harnessing the Social Energies of Youths in Farming and Pastoral Communities in Managing Conflicts in Nigeria.” African Studies Review 65 (2): 479503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AfDB (African Development Bank). 2011. “Market Brief – The Middle of the Pyramid: Dynamics of the Middle Class in Africa.” www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/market-brief-the-middle-of-the-pyramid-dynamics-of-the-middle-class-in-africa-23582.Google Scholar
African Union Commission. 2006. African Youth Charter. www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/african_youth_charter_2006.pdf.Google Scholar
Afrobarometer. 2016/2018. “Round 7.” www.afrobarometer.org/data.Google Scholar
Afrobarometer. 2019. “More than One in Four Africans See Wife-Beating as Justifiable, Afrobarometer Finds.” News Release. https://afrobarometer.org/press/more-one-four-africans-see-wife-beating-justifiable-afrobarometer-survey-finds.Google Scholar
Afrobarometer. 2019/2021. “Round 8.” www.afrobarometer.org/data.Google Scholar
Akor, Christopher. 2017. “From Subalterns to Independent Actors? Youth, Social Media and the Fuel Subsidy Protests of January 2012 in Nigeria.” Africa Development 42 (2): 107–27.Google Scholar
Allah-Mensah, Beatrix. 2007. “Women and Politics in Ghana, 1993–2003.” In Ghana: One Decade of the Liberal State, edited by Boafo-Arthur, Kwame, 251–79. Dakar: CODESRIA.Google Scholar
Allen, Nathaniel. 2021. “The Promises and Perils of Africa’s Digital Revolution.” Brookings Institute, March 11. www.brookings.edu/techstream/the-promises-and-perils-of-africas-digital-revolution.Google Scholar
Almond, Gabriel, and Verba, Sidney. 1963. The Civic Culture: Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Alwin, Duane, and Krosnick, Jon A.. 1991. “Aging, Cohorts, and the Stability of Sociopolitical Orientations of the Life Span.” American Journal of Sociology 97 (1): 169–95.Google Scholar
Ammann, Carole. 2016. “Everyday Politics: Market Women and the Local Government in Kankan, Guinea.” Stichproben. Wiener Zeitschrift für kritische Afrikastudien 16 (30): 3762.Google Scholar
Ampofo, Akosua Adomako. 2017. “Africa’s Fastest Growing Pentecostal Mega-Churches Are Entrenching Old Injustices against Women.” Quartz Africa, June 16.Google Scholar
Anderson, Emma-Louise, and Patterson, Amy S.. 2017a. Dependent Agency and the Global Health Regime. New York: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Emma-Louise, and Patterson, Amy S.. 2017b. “Instrumentalizing AIDS Empowerment Discourses in Malawi and Zambia: An Actor-Oriented View of Donor Politics.” International Affairs 93 (5): 1185–204.Google Scholar
Andolina, Molly, Jenkins, Krista, Zukin, Cliff, and Keeter, Scott. 2003. “Habits from Home, Lessons from School: Influences on Youth Civic Engagement.” PS: Political Science and Politics 36 (2): 275–80.Google Scholar
Aning, Emmanuel Kwesi. 1998. “Gender and Civil War: The Cases of Liberia and Sierra Leone.” Civil Wars 1 (4): 126.Google Scholar
Annan, James Kofi. 2016. “ICGC – 32 Years of Influencing Society.” Modern Ghana, March 9. www.modernghana.com/news/679346/icgc-32-years-of-influencing-society.html.Google Scholar
Apter, David. 1968. “Ghana.” In Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa, edited by Coleman, James and Rosberg, Carl, 259315. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Armah-Attoh, Daniel, and Robertson, Anna. 2014. “The Practice of Democracy in Ghana: Beyond the Formal Framework.” Afrobarometer Briefing Paper 137. www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/afrobriefno137.pdf.Google Scholar
Arnot, Madeleine, Chege, Fatuma N., and Wawire, Violet. 2012. “Gendered Constructions of Citizenship: Young Kenyans’ Negotiations of Rights Discourses.” Comparative Education 48 (1): 87102.Google Scholar
Arriola, Leonardo. 2013. Multiethnic Coalitions in Africa: Business Financing of Opposition Election Campaigns. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arriola, Leonardo, and Johnson, Martha. 2014. “Ethnic Politics and Women’s Empowerment in Africa: Ministerial Appointments to Executive Cabinets.” American Journal of Political Science 58 (2): 495510.Google Scholar
Arthur, Peter. 2009. “Ethnicity and Electoral Politics in Ghana’s Fourth Republic.” Africa Today 56 (2): 4573.Google Scholar
Asante, Lewis Abedi, and Helbrecht, Ilse. 2018. “Seeing through African Protest Logics: A Longitudinal Review of Continuity and Change in Protests in Ghana.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 52 (2): 159–81.Google Scholar
Asante, Richard. 2006. “The Youth and Politics in Ghana: Reflections on the 2004 General Elections.” In Voting for Democracy in Ghana, edited by Boafo-Arthur, K., 211–36. Accra: Freedom Publications.Google Scholar
Asante, Richard. 2013. “Growth without Security? Dilemmas of Youth and Human Security in Africa.” In African Studies and Knowledge Production, edited by Owoahene-Acheampong, Stephen, 157–76. Legon-Accra: Sub-Saharan Publishers.Google Scholar
Asante, Richard, Hershey, Megan, Kajubi, Phoebe, Kuperus, Tracy, Msoka, Colman, and Patterson, Amy. 2021. “What Motivates Young African Leaders for Public Engagement? Lessons from Ghana, Tanzania, and Uganda.” International Journal of Culture, Politics and Society 34: 309–33.Google Scholar
Asiedu-Acquah, Emmanuel. 2019. “‘We Shall Be Outspoken’: Student Political Activism in Post-Independence Ghana, c. 1957–1966.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 52 (2): 169–88.Google Scholar
Bakari, Muhammad, and Whitehead, Richard. 2013. “Tanzania: Nurturing Legacies of the Past.” In One Party Dominance in African Democracies, edited by Doorenspleet, Renske and Nijzink, Lia, 93116. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Bangura, Ibrahim. 2018. “Young People and the Search for Inclusion and Political Participation in Guinea.” African Conflict & Peacebuilding Review 8 (1): 5472.Google Scholar
Bareebe, Gerald. 2020. “Predators or Protectors? Military Corruption as a Pillar of Regime Survival in Uganda.” Civil Wars 22 (2–3): 313–32.Google Scholar
Barreto, Matt, and Muñoz, José. 2003. “Reexamining the ‘Politics of In-Between’: Political Participation among Mexican Immigrants in the United States.” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 25 (4): 427–47.Google Scholar
Bauer, Gretchen. 2012. “‘Let There Be a Balance’: Women in African Parliaments.” Political Studies Review 10 (3): 370–84.Google Scholar
Bauer, Gretchen. 2018. “Ghana: Stalled Patterns of Women’s Parliamentary Representation.” In Palgrave Handbook of Women’s Political Rights, edited by Franceschet, Susan, Krook, Mona, and Tan, N., 607–25. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bauer, Gretchen. 2020. “Roles of Women.” In Understanding Contemporary Africa, edited by Schraeder, Peter, 218–38. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Bauer, Gretchen, and Darkwah, Akosua. 2022. “‘The President’s Prerogative’? The Cabinet Appointment Process in Ghana and the Implications for Gender Parity.” Politics & Gender 18 (2): 546–73.Google Scholar
Bayat, Asef. 2010. Life as Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
BBC Africa Daily. 2022. “How Has ‘Mama Samia’ Changed Tanzania?” March 18. www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p0bw541m.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2021. “Tanzanian MPs Demand Apology for ‘Tight’ Trousers Incident.” BBC News, June 2. www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57329930.Google Scholar
Beardsworth, Nicole. 2016. “Challenging Dominance: The Opposition, the Coalition and the 2016 Election in Uganda.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 10 (4): 749–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Linda. 2003. “Democratization and the Hidden Public: The Impact of Patronage Networks on Senegalese Women.” Comparative Politics 35 (2): 147–69.Google Scholar
Becker, Felicitas. 2021. “Tanzania’s Authoritarian Turn: Less Sudden than It Seems.” Current History 120 (826): 189–94.Google Scholar
Bekker, Martin, and Runciman, Carin. 2022. “The Youth Vote in the 2021 Local Government Elections in South Africa.” Center for Social Change, University of Johannesburg. https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/57twh.Google Scholar
Berezin, Mabel. 2009. Illiberal Politics in Neoliberal Times: Culture, Security and Populism in the New Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Beveridge, Ross, and Koch, Phillippe. 2019. “Urban Everyday Politics: Politicising Practices and the Transformation of the Here and Now.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 37 (1): 142–57.Google Scholar
Bezabeh, Samson. 2011. “Citizenship and the Logic of Sovereignty in Djibouti.” African Affairs 11 (441): 587606.Google Scholar
Bhandari, Abhit, and Mueller, Lisa. 2019. “Nation-State or Nation-Family? Nationalism in Marginalized African Societies.” Journal of Modern African Studies 57 (2): 297322.Google Scholar
Bird, Gemma. 2016. “Beyond the Nation State: The Role of Local and Pan-National Identities in Defining Post-Colonial African Citizenship.” Citizenship Studies 23 (2): 260–75.Google Scholar
Bjarnesen, Mariam. 2020. “Briefing: The Foot Soldiers of Accra.” African Affairs 119 (475): 296307.Google Scholar
Blais, André. 2000. To Vote or Not to Vote? The Merits and Limits of Rational Choice. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Bleck, Jaimie. 2015. Education and Empowered Citizenship in Mali. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Bleck, Jaimie, and van de Walle, Nicolas. 2019. Electoral Politics in Africa since 1990: Continuity and Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bøås, Morten. 2009. “‘New’ Nationalism and Autochthony – Tales of Origin as Political Cleavage.” African Spectrum 44 (1): 1938.Google Scholar
Bob-Milliar, George. 2014. “Party Youth Activists and Low-Intensity Electoral Violence in Ghana: A Qualitative Study on Party Foot Soldiers’ Activism.” African Studies Quarterly 15 (1): 125–52.Google Scholar
Bob-Milliar, George, and Paller, Jeffrey. 2018. “Democratic Ruptures and Electoral Outcomes in Africa: Ghana’s 2016 Election.” Africa Spectrum 53 (1): 535.Google Scholar
Bocast, Brooke. 2014. “Uganda: Mini-Skirt Ban.” Council on Foreign Relations, March 6. www.cfr.org/blog/uganda-miniskirt-ban.Google Scholar
Bochow, Astrid. 2018. “Saving and Serving the Nation: HIV Politics and the Emergence of New Professional Classes in Botswana.” In Middle Classes in Africa: Changing Lives and Conceptual Challenges, edited by Kroeker, Lena, O’Kane, David, and Scharrer, Tabea, 157–76. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bodewes, Christine. 2010. “Civil Society and the Consolidation of Democracy in Kenya: An Analysis of a Catholic Parish’s Efforts in Kibera Slum.” Journal of Modern African Studies 48 (4): 547–71.Google Scholar
Bollyky, Thomas. 2018. Plagues and the Paradox of Progress. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bompani, Barbara. 2016. “For God and for My Country: Pentecostal-Charismatic Churches and the Framing of a New Political Discourse in Uganda.” In Public Religion and the Politics of Homosexuality in Africa, edited by Chitando, Ezra and van Klinken, Adriaan, 1934. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Boone, Catherine, and Nyeme, Lydia. 2015. “Land Institutions and Political Ethnicity in Africa: Evidence from Tanzania.” Comparative Politics 48 (1): 6786.Google Scholar
Booysen, Susan. 2015. Domination and Decline: The ANC in the Time of Zuma. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.Google Scholar
Bosch, Tanja Estella, Admire, Mare, and Ncube, Meli. 2020. “Facebook and Politics in Africa: Zimbabwe and Kenya.” Media, Culture & Society 42 (3): 349–64.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. “The Forms of Capital.” In The Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by Richardson, John, 241–58. Westport, CT: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Boussalis, Constantine, Coan, Travis, and Holman, Mirya. 2021. “Political Speech in Religious Sermons.” Politics and Religion 14: 241–68.Google Scholar
Bouvard, Marguerite Guzman. 2002. The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Boyd, Lydia. 2014. “Ugandan Born-Again Christians and the Moral Politics of Gender Equality.” Journal of Religion in Africa 44 (3–4): 333–54.Google Scholar
Boyd, Lydia. 2015. Preaching Prevention: Born-Again Christianity and the Moral Politics of AIDS in Uganda. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Brady, Henry, Verba, Sidney, and Schlozman, Kay. 1995. “Beyond SES: A Resource Model of Political Participation.” American Political Science Review 89 (2): 271–94.Google Scholar
Branch, Adam, and Mampilly, Zachariah. 2015. Africa Uprising. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Brass, Jennifer. 2016. Allies or Adversaries: NGOs and the State in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael. 1989. “Beyond the State: Civil Society and Associational Life in Africa.” World Politics 41 (3): 407–30.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael. 1999. “Political Participation in a New Democracy: Institutional Considerations from Zambia.” Comparative Political Studies 32 (5): 549–88.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael. 2008. “Vote Buying and Violence in Nigerian Election Campaigns.” Electoral Studies 27: 621–32.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael. 2013. “Voting and Democratic Citizenship in Africa.” In Voting and Democratic Citizenship in Africa, edited by Bratton, Michael, 115. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael, and van de Walle, Nicolas. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brennan, James. 2006. “Youth, the TANU Youth League and Managed Vigilantism in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1925–73.” Africa 76 (2): 221–46.Google Scholar
Bridger, Emily. 2018. “Soweto’s Female Comrades: Gender, Youth and Violence in South Africa’s Township Uprisings, 1984–1990.” Journal of Southern African Studies 44 (4): 559–74.Google Scholar
Briggs, Ryan. 2017. “Explaining Case Selection in African Politics Research.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 35 (4): 565–72.Google Scholar
Brisset-Foucault, Florence. 2013. “A Citizenship of Distinction in the Open Radio Debates of Kampala.” Africa 83 (2): 227–50.Google Scholar
Brown, Hannah, and Prince, Ruth. 2015. “Introduction: Volunteer Labor – Pasts and Futures of Work, Development, and Citizenship in East Africa.” African Studies Review 58 (2): 2942.Google Scholar
Brown, Julian. 2015. South Africa’s Insurgent Citizens: On Dissent and the Possibility of Politics. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 2017. “Why Populism?Theory and Society 46 (5): 357–85.Google Scholar
Burchardt, Marian. 2013. “Faith-Based Humanitarianism: Organizational Change and Everyday Meanings in South Africa.” Sociology of Religion 74 (1): 3055.Google Scholar
Burgess, Richard. 2015. “Pentecostalism and Democracy in Nigeria.” Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 18 (3): 3862.Google Scholar
Burgess, Thomas. 1999. “Remembering Youth: Generation in Revolutionary Zanzibar.” Africa Today 46 (2): 2950.Google Scholar
Burgess, Thomas. 2002. “Cinema, Bell Bottoms, and Miniskirts: Struggles over Youth and Citizenship in Revolutionary Zanzibar.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 35 (2/3): 287313.Google Scholar
Byte, Nii Smiley. 2020. “All Male ‘Mense World’ Panel Chosen to Discuss Menstruation Causes a Stir on Gh Twitter.” Ghana Celebrities.com. May 28. www.ghanacelebrities.com/2020/05/28/all-male-mense-world-panel-chosen-to-discuss-menstruation-causes-a-stir-on-gh-twitter-israel-laryea-and-producers-horribly-roasted.Google Scholar
Caglar, Ayse. 2015. “Citizenship, Anthropology of.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed., Vol. 3, edited by Wright, James, 637–41. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Campbell, Catherine, Gibb, Andy, Maimane, Sbongile, Nair, Yugi, and Sibiya, Zweni. 2009. “Youth Participation in the Fight against AIDS in South Africa.” Journal of Youth Studies 12 (1): 93109.Google Scholar
Canovan, Margaret. 1999. “Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy.” Political Studies 47: 216.Google Scholar
Carmody, Pádraig, and Owusu, Francis. 2018. “Neoliberalism, Urbanization and Change in Africa.” In Africa under Neoliberalism, edited by Poku, Nana and Whitman, Jim, 6175. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Casey, Conerly. 2008. “‘Marginal Muslims’: Politics and the Perceptual Bounds of Islamic Authenticity in Northern Nigeria.” Africa Today 54 (3): 6692.Google Scholar
Casey, Conerly. 2009. “Mediated Hostility: Media, Affective Citizenship, and Genocide in Northern Nigeria.” In Genocide: Truth, Memory, and Representation, edited by Laban, Alexander and O’Neill, Kevin Lewis, 247–78. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Chabal, Patrick, and Daloz, Jean-Pascal. 1999. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Chazan, Naomi. 1992. “Ethnicity and Politics in Ghana.” Political Science Quarterly 97 (3): 461–85.Google Scholar
Chazan, Naomi, Mortimer, Robert, Ravenhill, John, and Rothchild, Donald. 1988. Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Cheeseman, Nic. 2015. Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cheeseman, Nic, and Fisher, Jonathan. 2021. Authoritarian Africa: Repression, Resistance, and the Power of Ideas. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cheeseman, Nic, and Ford, Robert. 2007. “Ethnicity as a Political Cleavage.” Afrobarometer Working Paper 83. www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/migrated/files/publications/Working%20paper/AfropaperNo83.pdf.Google Scholar
Cheeseman, Nic, and Hinfelaar, Marja. 2009. “Parties, Platforms, and Political Mobilization: The Zambia Presidential Election of 2008.” African Affairs 109 (434): 5176.Google Scholar
Cheeseman, Nic, and Larmer, Miles. 2015. “Ethnopopulism in Africa: Opposition Mobilization in Diverse and Unequal Societies.” Democratization 22 (1): 2250.Google Scholar
Cheeseman, Nic, Lynch, Gabrielle, and Willis, Justin. 2017. “Ghana: The Ebbing Power of Incumbency.” Journal of Democracy 28 (2): 92104.Google Scholar
Cheeseman, Nic, Lynch, Gabrielle, and Willis, Justin. 2020. The Moral Economy of Elections in Africa: Democracy, Voting and Virtue. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cheney, Kristen. 2004. “Village Life Is Better than Town Life: Identity, Migration, and Development in the Lives of Ugandan Child Citizens.” African Studies Review 47 (3): 123.Google Scholar
Chitando, Ezra. 2007. “A New Man for a New Era? Zimbabwean Pentecostalism, Masculinities and the HIV Epidemic.” Missionalia 35 (3): 112–27.Google Scholar
Chiweshe, Manase Kudzai. 2017. “Social Networks as Anti-Revolutionary Forces: Facebook and Political Apathy among Youth in Urban Harare, Zimbabwe.” Africa Development 42 (2): 129–47.Google Scholar
Christiansen, Catrine, Utas, Mats, and Vigh, Henrik, eds. 2006. Navigating Youth, Generating Adulthood: Social Becoming in an African Context. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.Google Scholar
Chutel, Lyndsey. 2022. “South Africa’s Corruption Inquiry Leaves Few of the Nation’s Powerful Unscathed.” New York Times, June 23. www.nytimes.com/2022/06/23/world/africa/south-africa-corruption-jacob-zuma-cyril-ramaphosa.html.Google Scholar
Citizen. 2021. “Museveni Names Women as Vice President and Prime Minister.” Citizen, June 9. www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/east-africa-news/museveni-names-women-as-vice-president-and-prime-minister-3431078.Google Scholar
Clapham, Christopher. 2006. “The Political Economy of Population Change.” Population and Development Review 32: 96114.Google Scholar
Clark-Kazak, Christina. 2009. “Towards a Working Definition and Application of Social Age in International Development Studies.” Journal of Development Studies 45 (8): 1307–24.Google Scholar
Clarke, John, Coll, Kathleen, Dagnino, Evelina, and Neveu, Catherine. 2014. Disputing Citizenship. Bristol, UK: Policy Press.Google Scholar
Cole, Jennifer. 2012. “The Love of Jesus Never Disappoints: Reconstituting Female Personhood in Urban Madagascar.” Journal of Religion in Africa 42 (4): 384407.Google Scholar
Coleman, James. 1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94: S95S120.Google Scholar
Collord, Michaela. 2016. “From the Electoral Battleground to the Parliamentary Arena: Understanding Intra-Elite Bargaining in Uganda’s National Resistance Movement.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 10 (4): 639–59.Google Scholar
Collord, Michaela. 2019. “Drawing the Wrong Lessons from Magufuli’s Rule in Tanzania.” Africa Is a Country. https://africasacountry.com/2019/05/drawing-the-wrong-lessons-from-the-magufuli-experience-in-tanzania.Google Scholar
Congressional Research Service. 2018. “Uganda.” https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/IF10325.pdf.Google Scholar
Conroy-Krutz, Jeff. 2020. “The Squeeze on African Media Freedom.” Journal of Democracy 31 (2): 96109.Google Scholar
Council on Europe. n.d. “What Is Gender-Based Violence?” www.coe.int/en/web/gender-matters/what-is-gender-based-violence.Google Scholar
Croke, Kevin, Crossman, Guy, Larreguy, Horacio, and Marshall, John. 2016. “Deliberate Disengagement: How Education Can Decrease Political Participation in Electoral Authoritarian Regimes.” American Political Science Review 110 (3): 579600.Google Scholar
Crossouard, Barbara, and Dunne, Máiréad. 2015. “Politics, Gender and Youth Citizenship in Senegal: Youth Policing of Dissent and Diversity.” International Review of Education 61 (1): 4360.Google Scholar
Crothers, Lane. 2018. “Why Populism? Why Now? An Introduction.” Populism 1: 313.Google Scholar
Cruise O’Brien, Donald. 1996. “A Lost Generation: Youth Identity and State Decay in West Africa.” In Postcolonial Identities in Africa, edited by Webner, Richard and Ranger, Terrence, 5574. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Cyr, Jennifer. 2016. “The Pitfalls and Promise of Focus Groups as a Data Collection Method.” Sociological Methods & Research 45 (2): 231–59.Google Scholar
Cyr, Jennifer. 2017. “The Unique Utility of Focus Groups for Mixed-Method Research.” PS: Political Science and Politics 50 (4): 1238–42.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russell. 2000. The Decline of Party Identification. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Darkwa, Linda. 2015. “In Our Father’s Name in Our Motherland: The Politics of Women’s Political Participation in Ghana.” In Constitutionalism, Democratic Governance and the African State, edited by Gebe, Boni Yao, 239–74. Accra: Black Mask.Google Scholar
Darvas, Peter, Gao, Shang, Shen, Yijun, and Bawany, Bilal. 2017. Sharing Higher Education’s Promise beyond the Few in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Davenport, Christian. 2015. How Social Movements Die. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dawson, Hannah. 2014. “Youth Politics: Waiting and Envy in a South African Informal Settlement.” Journal of Southern African Studies 40 (4): 861–82.Google Scholar
de Kadt, Daniel. 2017. “Voting Then, Voting Now: The Long-Term Consequences of Participation in South Africa’s First Democratic Election.” Journal of Politics 79 (2): 670–87.Google Scholar
de Kadt, Daniel, Johnson-Kanu, Ada, and Sands, Melissa. 2021. “State Violence, Party Formation and Electoral Accountability: The Political Legacy of the Marikana Massacre.” https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/5uxzv.Google Scholar
de Paredes, Marta, and Desrues, Thierry. 2021. “Unravelling the Adoption of Youth Quotas in African Hybrid Regimes: Evidence from Morocco.” Journal of Modern African Studies 59 (1): 4158.Google Scholar
de Tocqueville, Alexis. 2002. Democracy in America, trans. Harvey Mansfield and Delba Winthrop. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dennis, Jack. 1968. “Problems of Political Socialization Research.” Midwest Journal of Political Science 12 (1): 85114.Google Scholar
Di Gregorio, Michael, and Merolli, Jessica L.. 2016. “Introduction: Affective Citizenship and the Politics of Identity, Control, Resistance.” Citizenship Studies 20 (8): 933–42.Google Scholar
Diamond, Larry. 2010. “Liberation Technology.” Journal of Democracy 21 (3): 6983.Google Scholar
Diamond, Larry. 2015. “Facing up to the Democratic Recession.” Journal of Democracy 26 (1): 141–55.Google Scholar
Dickovick, J. Tyler. 2008. “Legacies of Leftism: Ideology, Ethnicity and Democracy in Benin, Ghana and Mali.” Third World Quarterly 29 (6): 1119–37.Google Scholar
Dietrich, Simone. 2013. “Bypass or Engage? Explaining Donor Delivery Tactics in Foreign Aid Allocation.” International Studies Quarterly 57 (4): 698712.Google Scholar
Diouf, Mamadou. 1999. “Urban Youth and Senegalese Politics: Dakar 1988–1994.” In Cities and Citizenship, edited by Holston, James, 4266. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Diouf, Mamadou. 2003. “Engaging Postcolonial Cultures: African Youth and Public Space.” African Studies Review 46 (1): 112.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul, and Gilbert, Christopher. 2009. The Political Influence of Churches. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul, and Grant, Tobin. 2001. “Religious Institutions and Political Participation in America.” Journal of the Scientific Study of Religion 40 (2): 303–14.Google Scholar
Dorman, Sara R. 2016. “‘We Have Not Made Anybody Homeless’: Regulation and Control of Urban Life in Zimbabwe.” Citizenship Studies 20 (1): 8498.Google Scholar
Dorman, Sara R. 2020. “Citizenship.” In Routledge Handbook of Democratization in Africa, edited by Lynch, Gabrielle and VonDoepp, Peter, 460–72. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dorman, Sara, Hammett, Daniel, and Nugent, Paul. 2007. Making Nations, Creating Strangers: States and Citizenship in Africa. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Dowd, Robert. 2015. Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dowd, Robert, and Sarkissian, Ani. 2017. “The Roman Catholic Charismatic Movement and Civic Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 56 (3): 536–57.Google Scholar
Downie, Richard. 2015. “Religion and the State in Uganda – Co-Option and Compromise.” In Religious Authority and the State in Africa, edited by Cooke, Jennifer and Downie, Richard, 4963. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.Google Scholar
Doyle, Kevin. 2021. “Co-Opted Social Media and the Practice of Active Silence in Cambodia.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 43 (2): 293320.Google Scholar
Driscoll, Barry. 2020. “Democratization, Party Systems, and the Endogenous Roots of Ghanaian Clientelism.” Democratization. 27 (1): 119–36.Google Scholar
du Plessis, Carien. 2021. “South Africa: Local Elections Outcome Could Be a ‘Watershed Moment’ for ANC.” Africa Report, November 11. www.theafricareport.com/145436/south-africa-local-elections-outcome-could-be-a-watershed-moment-for-anc.Google Scholar
Dungey, Claire, and Meinert, Lotte. 2017. “Learning to Wait: Schooling and the Instability of Adulthood for Young Men in Uganda.” In Elusive Adulthoods: The Anthropology of New Maturities, edited by Durham, Deborah and Solway, Jacqueline, 83104. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Dunning, Thad, and Harrison, Lauren. 2010. “Cross-Cutting Cleavages and Ethnic Voting: An Experimental Study of Cousinage in Mali.” American Political Science Review 104 (1): 2139.Google Scholar
Durham, Deborah. 2000. “Youth and the Social Imagination in Africa.” Anthropological Quarterly 73 (3): 113–20.Google Scholar
Durham, Deborah. 2004. “Disappearing Youth: Youth as a Social Shifter in Botswana.” American Ethnologist 31 (4): 589605.Google Scholar
Durham, Deborah. 2017. “Introduction.” In Elusive Adulthoods: The Anthropology of New Maturities, edited by Durham, Deborah and Solway, Jacqueline, 138. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Dyck, Christopher. 2011. “Football and Post-War Reintegration: Exploring the Role of Sport in DDR Processes in Sierra Leone.” Third World Quarterly 32 (3): 395415.Google Scholar
Ekeh, Peter. 1975. “Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (1): 91112.Google Scholar
Ellis, Stephen, and Ter Haar, Gerrie. 2007. “Religion and Politics: Taking African Epistemologies Seriously.” Journal of Modern African Studies 45 (3): 385401.Google Scholar
Ellis, Stephen, and van Kessel, Ineke. 2009. Movers and Shakers: Social Movements in Africa. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Englebert, Pierre. 2009. Africa: Unity, Sovereignty and Sorrow. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Escobar, Arturo. 1995. Encountering Development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Essop, Tasneem. 2015. “Populism and the Political Character of the Economic Freedom Fighters – a View from the Branch.” Labour, Capital and Society 48 (1/2): 212–38.Google Scholar
Fallon, Kathleen. 2008. Democracy and the Rise of Women’s Movements in Sub-Saharan Africa. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Fatton, Robert. 1995. “Africa in the Age of Democratization: The Civic Limitations of Civil Society.” African Studies Review 38 (2): 67100.Google Scholar
Faustine, Ngila. 2022. “These Are the African Countries That Censor the Internet the Most.” Quartz Africa, July 20. https://qz.com/africa/2165371/these-are-the-african-countries-that-censor-internet-the-most.Google Scholar
Fenio, Kenly Greer. 2011. “Tactics of Resistance and the Evolution of Identity from Subjects to Citizens: The AIDS Political Movement in Southern Africa.” International Studies Quarterly 55: 717–35.Google Scholar
Ferguson, James. 2010. “The Uses of Neoliberalism.” Antipode 41 (1): 166–84.Google Scholar
Ferree, Karen. 2010. Framing the Race in South Africa: The Political Origins of Racial-Census Elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ferree, Karen, and Long, James. 2016. “Gifts, Threats and Perceptions of Ballot Secrecy in African Elections.” African Affairs 115 (461): 621–45.Google Scholar
Fortier, Anne-Marie. 2008. Multicultural Horizons: Diversity and the Limits of the Civil Nation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fortier, Anne-Marie. 2010. “Proximity by Design? Affective Citizenship and the Management of Unease.” Citizenship Studies 14 (1): 1730.Google Scholar
Fortier, Anne-Marie. 2016. “Afterword: Acts of Affective Citizenship? Possibilities and Limitations.” Citizenship Studies 20 (8): 1038–44.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2002. “Governmentality.” In Michel Foucault – Power. Essential Works of Foucault 1954–1984. Vol. 3, edited by Faubion, James, 201–22. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2018. An Introduction to Religion and Politics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fox, Louise. 2015. “Are African Households Heterogeneous Agents?” IMF, April. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2015/wp15102.pdf.Google Scholar
Franck, Raphaël, and Ranier, Ilia. 2012. “Does the Leader’s Ethnicity Matter? Ethnic Favoritism, Education, and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa.” American Political Science Review 106 (2): 294325.Google Scholar
Fraser, Alastair. 2017. “Post-Populism in Zambia: Michael Sata’s Rise, Demise, and Legacy.” International Political Science Review 38 (4): 456–72.Google Scholar
Fredericks, Rosalind. 2014. “‘The Old Man Is Dead’: Hip Hop and the Arts of Citizenship of Senegalese Youth.” Antipode 46 (1): 130–48.Google Scholar
Freedom House. 2022. Freedom in the World 2022: The Global Expansion of Authoritarian Rule. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2022/global-expansion-authoritarian-rule.Google Scholar
Freire, Maria, Somik, Lall, and Leipziger, Danny. 2014. “Africa’s Urbanization: Challenges and Opportunities.” The Growth Dialogue Working Paper 7. http://growthdialogue.org/africas-urbanization-challenges-and-opportunities.Google Scholar
Freston, Paul. 2001. Evangelicals and Politics in Asia, Africa and Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. 1995. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Gallego, Jorge, and Wantchekon, Leonard. 2020. “Clientelism.” In Routledge Handbook of Democratization in Africa, edited by Lynch, Gabrielle and VonDoepp, Peter, 205–16. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gamson, William. 1992. Talking Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Dhruv. 2018. “Figures of the Week: Female Property Ownership in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Brookings Institution, September 14. www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2018/09/14/figures-of-the-week-female-property-ownership-in-sub-saharan-africa.Google Scholar
Ganti, Tejaswini. 2014. “Neoliberalism.” Annual Review of Anthropology 43: 89104.Google Scholar
Garner, Robert. 2000. “Religion as a Source of Social Change in the New South Africa.” Journal of Religion in Africa 30 (1): 310–43.Google Scholar
Geiger, Susan. 1987. “Women in the Nationalist Struggle: TANU Activists in Dar es Salaam.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 20 (1): 126.Google Scholar
Gerber, Alan, Gruber, Jonathan, and Hungerman, Daniel. 2016. “Does Church Attendance Cause People to Vote? Using Blue Laws’ Repeal to Estimate the Effect of Religiosity on Voter Turnout.” British Journal of Political Science. 46 (3): 481500.Google Scholar
Geschiere, Peter. 2009. The Perils of Belonging: Autochthony, Citizenship and Exclusion in Africa and Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ghana Web. 2021. “Akufo-Addo’s Cabinet Lacks Gender Sensitivity – MP.” Ghana Web, January 23. www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akufo-Addo-s-new-cabinet-lacks-gender-sensitivity-MP-1162108.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Gifford, Paul. 1998. African Christianity: Its Public Role. London: C. Hurst Publishers.Google Scholar
Gifford, Paul. 2004. Ghana’s New Christianity: Pentecostalism in a Globalizing African Economy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Gladwell, Malcolm. 2010. “Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted.” New Yorker 4: 19.Google Scholar
Global Fund. 2021. “Financial Disbursements, Zambia.” https://data.theglobalfund.org/viz/signed/treemap.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Warren, and Reed, Jean-Pierre, eds. 2022. Religions in Rebellions, Revolutions, and Social Movements. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gondwe, Kennedy. 2021. “Zambia Election: Young Voters May Hold the Cards.” BBC News, August 11. www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58146384.Google Scholar
Gould, Deborah. 2009. Moving Politics: Emotion and ACT UP’s Fight against AIDS. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gouws, Amanda, ed. 2005. (Un)thinking Citizenship: Feminist Debates in Contemporary South Africa. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Government of Ghana. 2020. Ghana beyond Aid Charter and Strategy Document. Accra: Government of Ghana.Google Scholar
Green, Maia. 2010. “Ujamaa? Cultures of Governance and the Representation of Power in Tanzania.” Social Analysis: The International Journal of Anthropology 54 (1): 1534.Google Scholar
Greenhouse, Carol. 1999. “Commentary.” Political and Legal Anthropology Review 22 (2): 104–9.Google Scholar
Grossman, Guy. 2015. “Renewalist Christianity and the Political Saliency of LGBTs: Theory and Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of Politics 77 (2): 337–51.Google Scholar
Guillaume, Xavier, and Huysmans, Jef. 2018. “The Concept of ‘The Everyday’: Ephemeral Politics and the Abundance of Life.” Cooperation and Conflict 54 (2): 278–96.Google Scholar
Gunner, Liz. 2015. “Song, Identity and the State: Julius Malema’s Dubul’ Ibhunu Song as Catalyst.” Journal of African Cultural Studies 27 (3): 326–41.Google Scholar
Gupta, Akil, and Ferguson, James. 2002. “Spatializing States: Toward an Ethnography of Neoliberal Governmentality.” American Ethnologist 28 (4): 9811002.Google Scholar
Gusman, Alessandro. 2009. “HIV/AIDS, Pentecostal Churches and the ‘Joseph Generation’ in Uganda.” Africa Today 56 (1): 6786.Google Scholar
Gyimah-Boadi, E. 1994. “Ghana’s Uncertain Political Opening.” Journal of Democracy 5 (2): 7586.Google Scholar
Gyimah-Boadi, E. 1995. “Ghana: Adjustment, State Rehabilitation and Democratization.” In Between Liberalisation and Oppression: The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Africa, edited by Mkandawire, Thandika and Olukoshi, Adebayo, 217–29. Dakar: CODESRIA.Google Scholar
Gyimah-Boadi, E. 1996. “Civil Society in Africa.” Journal of Democracy 7 (2): 118–32.Google Scholar
Gyimah-Boadi, E. 2001. “A Peaceful Turnover in Ghana.” Journal of Democracy 12 (2): 103–17.Google Scholar
Gyimah-Boadi, E. 2009. “Another Step Forward for Ghana.” Journal of Democracy 20 (2): 138–52.Google Scholar
Gyimah-Boadi, E. 2015. “Africa’s Waning Democratic Commitment.” Journal of Democracy 26 (1): 101–12.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Kaufman, Robert. 2021. “The Anatomy of Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of Democracy 32 (4): 2741.Google Scholar
Halisi, C. R. D., Kaiser, Paul, and Ndegwa, Stephen. 1998. “The Multiple Meanings of Citizenship – Rights, Identity and Social Justice in Africa.” Africa Today 45 (3–4): 337–50.Google Scholar
Hamidu, Jamilla. 2015. “Are Ghanaian Diaspora Middle Class? Linking Middle Class to Political Participation and Stability in Ghana.” Africa Development 40 (1): 139–57.Google Scholar
Hanspal, Jaysim, and Nyabor, Jonas. 2022. “Police Now Hunt for Arise Ghana! Leaders after Protests Turn Violent.” Africa Report, June 29. www.theafricareport.com/218884/police-now-hunt-for-arise-ghana-leaders-after-protests-turn-violent.Google Scholar
Hara, Blessings. 2021. “Zambian Youth Breathe New Life in Their Democracy.” Youth Voices: Their Perspective. November 8. www.yourcommonwealth.org/governance/zambias-youth-breathe-new-life-in-their-democracy.Google Scholar
Harding, Robin. 2020. Rural Democracy: Elections and Development in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harrison, Graham. 2005. “Economic Faith, Social Project and a Misreading of African Society: The Travails of Neoliberalism in Africa.” Third World Quarterly 26 (8): 1303–20.Google Scholar
Harriss, John, and de Renzio, Paolo. 1997. “‘Missing Link’ or Analytically Missing? The Concept of Social Capital: An Introductory Bibliographic Essay.” Journal of International Development 9 (7): 919–37.Google Scholar
Hart, Gillian. 2013. Rethinking the South African Crisis: Nationalism, Populism, Hegemony. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Harvard International Review. 2020. “The Rise of Bobi Wine: How a Rapper from the Slums Is Igniting a Revolution in Uganda.” November 16. https://hir.harvard.edu/who-is-bobi-wine.Google Scholar
Harvey, David. 2007. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hassim, Shireen. 2006. Women’s Organizations and Democracy in South Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Hauser, Ellen. 1999. “Ugandan Relations with Western Donors in the 1990s: What Impact on Democratization?Journal of Modern African Studies 37 (4): 621–41.Google Scholar
Haynes, Jeff. 1996. Religion and Politics in Africa. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Hearn, Julie. 2002. “The ‘Invisible’ NGO: US Evangelical Missions in Kenya.” Journal of Religion in Africa 32 (1): 3260.Google Scholar
Heffernan, Anne. 2016. “Blurred Lines and Ideological Divisions in South African Youth Politics.” African Affairs 115 (461): 664–87.Google Scholar
Heffernan, Anne. 2019. Limpopo’s Legacy: Student Politics & Democracy in South Africa. London: James Currey.Google Scholar
Hendriks, H. Jurgens, Mouton, Elna, Hansen, Len, and le Roux, Elisabet. 2012. Men in the Pulpit, Women in the Pew? Stellenbosch, South Africa: Sun Press.Google Scholar
Herbst, Jeffrey. 2000. States and Power in Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hern, Erin Acampo. 2019. Developing States, Shaping Citizenship: Service Delivery and Political Participation in Zambia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Hershey, Megan. 2013. “Explaining the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Boom: The Case of HIV/AIDS NGOs in Kenya.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 7 (4): 671–90.Google Scholar
Hershey, Megan. 2019. Whose Agency: The Politics and Practice of Kenya’s HIV-Prevention NGOs. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Albert. 1970. Exit, Voice and Loyalty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hodgkinson, Dan, and Melchiorre, Luke. 2019. “Introduction: Student Activism in an Era of Decolonization.” Africa 89 (1): 114.Google Scholar
Hodgson, Dorothy. 2017. “Africa from the Margins.” African Studies Review 60 (2): 3749.Google Scholar
Holmes, Carolyn. 2020. The Black and White Rainbow: Reconciliation, Opposition, and Nation-Building in Democratic South Africa. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Honwana, Alcinda. 2012. The Time of Youth: Work, Social Change, and Politics in Africa. Boulder, CO: Kumarian Press.Google Scholar
Honwana, Nyeleti, and Honwana, Alcinda. 2021. “Covid-19 in Africa – Youth at the Fore.” AllAfrica.com. April 14.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2022. “‘I Only Need Justice’: Unlawful Detention and Abuse in Unauthorized Places of Detention in Uganda.” March 22. www.hrw.org/report/2022/03/22/i-only-need-justice/unlawful-detention-and-abuse-unauthorized-places-detention.Google Scholar
Hunger, Sophia, and Paxton, Fred. 2022. “What’s in a Buzzword? A Systematic Review of the State of Populism Research in Political Science.” Political Science Research and Methods 10 (3): 617–33.Google Scholar
Hunter, Mark. 2020. “Heroin Hustles: Drugs and the Laboring Poor in South Africa.” Social Science & Medicine 265 (November): 113329.Google Scholar
Hyden, Goran. 1980. Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
ICGC (International Central Gospel Church). n.d. “About Us.” https://centralgospel.com.Google Scholar
Ichikowitz Foundation. 2020. “African Youth Survey 2020.” February 20. https://ichikowitzfoundation.com/african-youth-survey-2020-press-release/.Google Scholar
Ifeka, Caroline. 2006. “Youth Cultures & the Fetishization of Violence in Nigeria.” Review of African Political Economy 33 (110): 721–36.Google Scholar
IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2020. Regional Economic Output: Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington: IMF.Google Scholar
IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2021. Regional Economic Output: Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington: IMF.Google Scholar
IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2022. Regional Economic Output: Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington: IMF.Google Scholar
Index Mundi. 2021. “Country Facts.” www.indexmundi.com.Google Scholar
Ingelhart, Ronald, and Welzel, Christian. 2005. Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
International IDEA. 2021. Women’s Political Participation. African Barometer 2021. www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/womens-political-participation-africa-barometer-2021.pdf.Google Scholar
Interparliamentary Union. 2021. Women in Parliament, Monthly Ranking, April 1. https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=4&year=2021.Google Scholar
Isbell, Thomas, and Olan’g, Lulu. 2021. “Troubling Tax Trends: Fewer Africans Support Taxation.” Afrobarometer Dispatch 428. https://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Dispatches/ad428-tax_trends_in_africa-weaker_legitimacy_more_avoidance-afrobarometer_dispatch-20feb21.pdf.Google Scholar
Isin, Engin. 2009. “Citizenship in Flux: The Figure of the Activist Citizen.” Subjectivity 29: 367–88.Google Scholar
Isin, Engin, and Nielsen, Greg. 2008. Acts of Citizenship. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Isin, Engin, and Turner, Bryan. 2007. “Investigating Citizenship: An Agenda for Citizenship Studies.” Citizenship Studies 11 (1): 517.Google Scholar
Iwilade, Akin. 2013. “Crisis as Opportunity: Youth, Social Media and the Renegotiation of Power in Africa.” Journal of Youth Studies 16 (8): 1054–68.Google Scholar
Iwilade, Akin. 2020. “Everyday Agency and Centred Marginality: Being “Youth” in the Oil-Rich Niger Delta of Nigeria.” Ateliers d’anthropologie 47. doi.org/10.4000/ateliers.12277.Google Scholar
Jabri, Vivienne. 2013. The Postcolonial Subject: Claiming Politics/Governing Others in Late Modernity. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Carolien, and Sonneveld, Nadia. 2021. “Empirical Understandings of Informal Citizenship and Membership: Internally Displaced Persons in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” Citizenship Studies 25 (8): 1112–27.Google Scholar
Jennings, M. Kent, and van Deth, Jan, eds. 1990. Continuities in Political Action. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Johnson, Carol. 2010. “The Politics of Affective Citizenship: From Blair to Obama.” Citizenship Studies 14 (5): 495509.Google Scholar
Johnson, Martha, and Phillips, Melanie. 2020. “Gender Politics.” In Routledge Handbook of Democratization in Africa, edited by Lynch, Gabrielle and VonDoepp, Peter, 302–16. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jones-Correa, Michael, and Leal, David. 2001. “Political Participation: Does Religion Matter?Political Science Quarterly 54 (4): 751–70.Google Scholar
Joseph, Richard. 2003. “Nation-State Trajectories in Africa.” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 4 (2): 1320.Google Scholar
Jua, Nantang. 2003. “Differential Responses to Disappearing Transitional Pathways: Redefining Possibility among Cameroonian Youth.” African Studies Review 46 (2): 1336.Google Scholar
Jungar, Katarina, and Oinas, Elina. 2011. “Beyond Agency and Victimization: Re-Reading HIV and AIDS in African Contexts.” Social Dynamics 16 (3): 248–62.Google Scholar
Justesen, Mogens, and Bjørnshov, Christian. 2014. “Exploiting the Poor: Bureaucratic Corruption and Poverty in Africa.” World Development 58 (June): 106–15.Google Scholar
Kabeer, Naila. 2005. Inclusive Citizenship: Meanings and Expressions. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Kabogo, Grace. 2021. “Opinion: Tanzanians Must End Row on President Samia’s Titles.” DW, March 27. www.dw.com/en/opinion-tanzanians-must-end-row-on-president-samias-titles/a-57020589.Google Scholar
Kagwanja, Peter. 2005. “‘Power to Uhuru’: Youth Identity and Generational Politics in Kenya’s 2002 Elections.” African Affairs 105 (418): 5175.Google Scholar
Kahl, Colin. 2006. States, Scarcity and Civil Strife in the Developing World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kalu, Ogbu. 2008. African Pentecostalism: An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kalyango, Yusuf, and Adu-Kumi, Benjamin. 2013. “Impact of Social Media on Political Mobilization in East and West Africa.” Global Media Journal 12 (22): 120.Google Scholar
Kamau, Samuel. 2017. “Democratic Engagement in the Digital Age: Youth, Social Media and Participatory Politics in Kenya.” Communication 43 (2): 128–46.Google Scholar
Kang, Alice, and Tripp, Aili Mari. 2018. “Coalitions Matter: Citizenship, Women, and Quota Adoption in Africa.” Perspectives on Politics 16 (1): 7391.Google Scholar
Karinge, Sarah. 2013. “The Elite Factor in Sub-Saharan Africa’s Development: The Urgency in Bridging Disparity.” Journal of Developing Societies 29 (4): 435–55.Google Scholar
Keating, Avril, and Melis, Gabriella. 2017. “Social Media and Youth Political Engagement: Preaching to the Converted or Providing a New Voice for Youth?British Journal of Politics and International Relations 19 (4): 877–94.Google Scholar
Keating, Michael. 2011. “Can Democratization Undermine Democracy? Economic and Political Reform in Uganda.” Democratization 18 (2): 415–22.Google Scholar
Keller, Edmond. 2014. Identity, Citizenship, and Political Conflict in Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Kerkvliet, Benedict. 2005. The Power of Everyday Politics. How Vietnamese Peasants Transformed National Policy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kershaw, Paul. 2010. “Caregiving for Identity Is Political: Implications for Citizenship Theory.” Citizenship Studies 14 (4): 395410.Google Scholar
Kigambo, Gaaki. 2018. “Church and State Relations in Uganda Worsening.” East African Standard. January 13.Google Scholar
Kim, Sohee, and Kim, Taekyoon. 2018. “Tax Reform, Tax Compliance and State-Building in Tanzania and Uganda.” Africa Development 43 (2): 3564.Google Scholar
King, Elisabeth. 2018. “What Kenyan Youth Want and Why It Matters for Peace.” African Studies Review 61 (1): 134–57.Google Scholar
Kirwin, Matthew, and Cho, Wonbin. 2009. “Weak States and Political Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Afrobarometer Working Paper 111. www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/migrated/files/publications/Working%20paper/AfropaperNo111.pdf.Google Scholar
Knott, Stacey. 2018. “One of Africa’s Most Promising Cities Has a Trash Problem.” Quartz Africa. March 22. https://qz.com/africa/1229079/ghana-the-worlds-fastest-growing-economy-has-a-trash-problem.Google Scholar
Koter, Dominika. 2013. “Urban and Rural Voting Patterns in Senegal: The Spatial Aspects of Incumbency, c. 1978–2012.” Journal of Modern African Studies 51 (4): 653–79.Google Scholar
Kpessa-Whyte, Michael, and Abu, Mumuni. 2021. “A Comparative Analysis of the Social and Demographic Factors in Ghanaian Political Party Affiliations.” Politikon 48 (3): 427–49.Google Scholar
Kramon, Eric, and Posner, Daniel N.. 2016. “Ethnic Favoritism in Education in Kenya.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 11 (1): 158.Google Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena. 2017. “Violence against Women in Politics.” Journal of Democracy 28 (1): 7488.Google Scholar
Kuenzi, Michelle. 2006. “Nonformal Education, Political Participation and Democracy: Findings from Senegal.” Political Behavior 28 (1): 131.Google Scholar
Kuenzi, Michelle, and Lambright, Gina. 2007. “Voter Turnout in Africa’s Multiparty Regimes.” Comparative Political Studies 40 (6): 665–90.Google Scholar
Kuenzi, Michelle, and Lambright, Gina. 2011. “Who Votes in Africa? An Examination of Electoral Participation in 10 African Countries.” Party Politics 17 (6): 767–99.Google Scholar
Kuperus, Tracy. 2011. “The Political Role and Democratic Contribution of Churches in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Journal of Church and State 53 (2): 278306.Google Scholar
Kuperus, Tracy. 2018. “Democratization, Religious Actors, and Political Influence: A Comparison of Christian Councils in Ghana and South Africa.” Africa Today 64 (3): 2951.Google Scholar
Kuperus, Tracy, and Asante, Richard. 2021. “Christianity, Citizenship, and Political Engagement among Ghanaian Youth.” African Studies Quarterly 20 (2): 3761.Google Scholar
La Fontaine, Jean. 1986. “An Anthropological Perspective on Children in Social Worlds.” In Children of Social Worlds, edited by Richards, Martin and Light, Paul, 1127. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Laclau, Ernesto. 2005. On Populist Reason. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Lalloo, Kiran. 1998. “Citizenship and Place: Spatial Definitions of Oppression and Agency in South Africa.” Africa Today 45 (3–4): 439–60.Google Scholar
Lambert, Michael. 2016. “Changes: Reflections on Senegalese Youth Political Engagement.” Africa Today 63 (2): 3351.Google Scholar
Lardies, Carmen Alpin, Dryding, Dominique, and Logan, Carolyn. 2019. “Gains and Gaps: Perceptions and Experiences of Gender in Africa.” Afrobarometer Paper 61. https://afrobarometer.org/publications/pp61-gains-and-gaps-perceptions-and-experiences-gender-africa.Google Scholar
Latendresse, Anne, and Bornstein, Lisa. 2012. “Urban Developments: Cities and Slums in the Global South.” In Introduction to International Development, edited by Haslam, Paul, Schafer, Jessica, and Beaudet, Pierre, 355–72. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lawless, Jennifer, and Fox, Richard. 2001. “Political Participation of the Urban Poor.” Social Problems 48 (3): 362–85.Google Scholar
Legatum Institute. 2021. “Prosperity Index, 2021.” www.prosperity.com/rankings.Google Scholar
Lekalake, Rorisang, and Gyimah-Boadi, E.. 2016. “Does Less Engaged Mean Less Empowered? Political Participation Lags among African Youth, Especially Women.” Afrobarometer Policy Paper 34. http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Policy%20papers/ab_r6_policypaperno34_youth_political_engagement_in_africa_youth_day_release_eng2.pdf.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Evan. 2009. Boundaries of Contagion: How Ethnic Politics Have Shaped Government Responses to AIDS. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Evan, and Lekalake, Rorisang. 2022. “South Africa’s Resilient Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 33 (2): 103–17.Google Scholar
Lindberg, Staffan. 2003. “‘It’s Our Time to Chop’: Do Elections in Africa Feed Neo-Patrimonialism Rather than Counter-Act It?Democratization 10 (2): 121–40.Google Scholar
Lindberg, Staffan. 2010. “What Accountability Pressures Do MPs in Africa Face and How Do They Respond? Evidence from Ghana.” Journal of Modern African Studies 48 (1): 117–42.Google Scholar
Lindberg, Staffan, and Morrison, Minion. 2008. “Are African Voters Really Ethnic or Clientelistic? Survey Evidence from Ghana.” Political Science Quarterly 123 (1): 95122.Google Scholar
Lindemann, Stefan. 2011a. “The Ethnic Politics of Coup Avoidance: Evidence from Zambia and Uganda.” Africa Spectrum 46 (2): 341.Google Scholar
Lindemann, Stefan. 2011b. “Just Another Change of Guard? Broad-Based Politics and Civil War in Museveni’s Uganda.” African Affairs 110 (440): 387416.Google Scholar
Lister, Ruth. 1997. “Citizenship: Towards a Feminist Synthesis.” Feminist Review Autumn (57): 28–48.Google Scholar
Lodge, Tom. 2014. “Neo-Patrimonial Politics in the ANC.” African Affairs 113 (450): 123.Google Scholar
Lofchie, Michael. 2014. The Political Economy of Tanzania: Decline and Recovery. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Long, Norman. 1990. “From Paradigm Lost to Paradigm Regained? The Case for an Actor-Oriented Sociology of Development.” European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 49 (December): 324.Google Scholar
Longman, Timothy. 2010. Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, John. 2000. “Agency in Tight Corners: Narrative and Initiative in African History.” Journal of African Cultural Studies 13 (1): 516.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, John. 2009. “Compromised Critics: Religion in Kenya’s Politics.” In Religion and Politics in Kenya, edited by Knighton, Ben, 5794. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
López, Matias, and Luna, Juan. “Assessing the Risk of Democratic Reversal in the United States: A Reply to Kurt Weyland.” PS: Political Science & Politics 54 (3): 421–26.Google Scholar
Lund, Christian. 2006. “Twilight Institutions: Public Authority and Local Politics in Africa.” Development and Change 37 (4): 685705.Google Scholar
Lundåsen, Susanne. 2022. “Religious Participation and Civic Engagement in a Secular Context: Evidence from Sweden on the Correlates of Attending Religious Services.” Voluntas 33: 627–40.Google Scholar
Lynch, Gabrielle. 2014. “Electing the ‘Alliance of the Accused’: The Success of the Jubilee Alliance in Kenya’s Rift Valley Province.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 8 (1): 93114.Google Scholar
Lynch, Gabrielle, Cheeseman, Nic, and Willis, Justin. 2019. “From Peace Campaigns to Peaceocracy: Elections, Order and Authority in Africa.” African Affairs 118 (473): 603–27.Google Scholar
MacLean, Lauren. 2010. Informal Institutions and Citizenship in Rural Africa: Risk and Reciprocity in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
MacLean, Lauren. 2011. “State Retrenchment and the Exercise of Citizenship in Africa.” Comparative Political Studies 44 (9): 1238–66.Google Scholar
MacLean, Lauren, Bob-Milliar, George, Baldwin, Elizabeth, and Dickey, Elisa. 2016. “The Construction of Citizenship and the Public Provision of Electricity during the 2014 World Cup in Ghana.” Journal of Modern African Studies 54 (4): 555–90.Google Scholar
Maclean, Ruth. 2022. “Five African Countries, Six Coups.” New York Times, January 28. www.nytimes.com/article/burkina-faso-africa-coup.html.Google Scholar
Mama, Amina, and Okazawa-Ray, Margo. 2012. “Militarism, Conflict and Women’s Activism in the Global Era: Challenges and Prospects for Women in Three West African Contexts.” Feminist Review 101: 97123.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Manby, Bronwen. 2009. Struggles for Citizenship in Africa. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Manby, Bronwen. 2021. “Naturalization in African States: Its Past and Potential Future.” Citizenship Studies 25 (4): 514–42.Google Scholar
Manglos, Nicolette, and Weinreb, Alexander. 2013. “Religion and Interest in Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Social Forces 92 (1): 195219.Google Scholar
Manning, Carrie. 2005. “Assessing African Party Systems after the Third Wave.” Party Politics 11 (6): 707–27.Google Scholar
Manqoyi, Ayanda. 2019. “Inclusive Citizenship: Review of Literature.” In Citizenship in Motion: South African and Japanese Scholars in Conversation, edited by Hazama, Itsuhiro, Umeya, Kiyoshi, and Nyamnjoh, Francis, 6386. Buea, Cameroon: Langaa RPCIG.Google Scholar
Mare, Admire. 2018. “Politics Unusual? Facebook and Political Campaigning during the 2013 Harmonised Elections in Zimbabwe.” African Journalism Studies 39 (1): 90110.Google Scholar
Mares, Isabela, and Young, Lauren. 2016. “Buying, Expropriating, and Stealing Votes.” Annual Review of Political Science 19: 267–88.Google Scholar
Marshall, Ruth. 2009. Political Spiritualities: The Pentecostal Revolution in Nigeria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Marshall-Fratani, Ruth. 2006. “The War of ‘Who Is Who’: Autochthony, Nationalism, and Citizenship in the Ivorian Crisis.” African Studies Review 49 (2): 943.Google Scholar
Mattes, Robert. 2012. “The ‘Born Frees’: The Prospects for Generational Change in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Australian Journal of Political Science 47 (1): 133–53.Google Scholar
Mattes, Robert, and Mughogho, Dangalira. 2009. “The Limited Impacts of Formal Education on Democratic Citizenship in Africa.” Afrobarometer Working Paper 109. https://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Working%20paper/AfropaperNo109.pdf.Google Scholar
Mazuri, Ali. 1991. “The Polity as an Extended Family: An African Perspective.” International Journal of Sociology of the Family 21 (2): 114.Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug. 1986. “Recruitment to High-Risk Activism: The Case of Freedom Summer.” American Journal of Sociology 92 (1): 6490.Google Scholar
McCauley, John. 2012. “Africa’s New Big Man Rule? Pentecostalism and Patronage in Ghana.” African Affairs 112 (446): 121.Google Scholar
McCauley, John. 2015. “The Political Mobilization of Ethnic and Religious Identities in Africa.” American Political Science Review 108 (4): 801–16.Google Scholar
McClendon, Gwendolyn. 2018. Envy in Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
McClendon, Gwendolyn, and Riedl, Rachel Beatty. 2015a. “Individualism and Empowerment in Pentecostal Sermons: New Evidence from Nairobi, Kenya.” African Affairs 115 (458): 119–44.Google Scholar
McClendon, Gwendolyn, and Riedl, Rachel Beatty. 2015b. “Religion as a Stimulant of Political Participation: Experimental Evidence from Nairobi, Kenya.” Journal of Politics 77 (4): 1045–57.Google Scholar
McClendon, Gwendolyn, and Riedl, Rachel Beatty. 2019. From Pews to Politics: Religious Sermons and Political Participation in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McClendon, Gwendolyn, and Riedl, Rachel Beatty. 2021. “Using Sermons to Study Religions’ Influence on Political Behavior.” Comparative Political Studies 54 (5): 779822.Google Scholar
McDonnell, Terence. 2010. “Cultural Objects as Objects: Materiality, Urban Space, and the Interpretation of AIDS Campaigns in Accra, Ghana.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (6): 1800–52.Google Scholar
McEvoy-Levy, Siobhan. 2013. Troublemakers or Peacemakers? Youth and Post-Accord Peace Building. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
McGregor, JoAnn, and Chatiza, Kudzai. 2020. “Partisan Citizenship and Its Discontents: Precarious Possession and Political Agency on Harare City’s Expanding Margins.” Citizenship Studies 24 (1): 1739.Google Scholar
Medie, Peace. 2013. “Fighting Gender-Based Violence: The Women’s Movement and the Enforcement of Rape Law in Liberia.” African Affairs 112 (448): 377–97.Google Scholar
Melber, Henning. 2018. “Populism in Southern Africa under Liberation Movements as Governments.” Review of African Political Economy 45 (158): 676–86.Google Scholar
Melchiorre, Luke. 2021. “The Generational Populism of Bobi Wine.” ROAPE, February 12. https://roape.net/2021/02/12/the-generational-populism-of-bobi-wine.Google Scholar
Melucci, Alberto. 1995. “The Process of Collective Identity.” In Social Movements and Culture, edited by Johnston, Hank and Klandermans, Bert, 4163. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Meyer, Birgit. 2007. “Pentecostalism and Neo-Liberal Capitalism: Faith, Prosperity and Vision in African Pentecostal–Charismatic Churches.” Journal for the Study of Religion 20 (2): 528.Google Scholar
Miguel, Edward. 2004. “Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya Versus Tanzania.” World Politics 56 (3): 327–62.Google Scholar
Milanovic, Branko. 2016. Global Inequality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Miniru, Alhassan Baba. 2016. “Saving Ghana from Its Own Waste.” DW, August 29. www.dw.com/en/saving-ghana-from-its-own-waste/a-19503010.Google Scholar
Mittermaier, Amira. 2014. “Beyond Compassion: Islamic Voluntarism in Egypt.” American Ethnologist 41 (3): 518–31.Google Scholar
Mkandawire, Thandika. 2015. “Neopatrimonialism and the Political Economy of Economic Performance in Africa: Critical Reflections.” World Politics 67 (3): 563612.Google Scholar
Moffitt, Benjamin. 2017. The Global Rise of Populism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mohamed, Miraji Hassan. 2021. “Dangerous or Political? Kenyan Youth Negotiating Political Agency in the Age of ‘New Terrorism’.” Media, War, and Conflict 14 (3): 303–21.Google Scholar
Mood, Carina, and Jonsson, Jan O.. 2016. “The Social Consequences of Poverty: An Empirical Test on Longitudinal Data.” Social Indicators Research 127 (2): 633–52.Google Scholar
Moriguchi, Gaku. 2019. “In and out of Family: Family Affairs and Deep Play at Nightclubs in Kampala, Uganda.” In Citizenship in Motion: South African and Japanese Scholars in Conversation, edited by Hazama, Itsuhiro, Umeya, Kiyoshi, and Nyamnjoh, Francis, 217–37. Buea, Cameroon: Langaa RPCIG.Google Scholar
Morse, Yonatan. 2018. How Autocrats Compete: Parties, Patrons, and Unfair Elections in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Motani, Pankti, van de Walle, Anais, Aryeetey, Richmond, and Verstraeten, Roosmarijn. 2019. “Lessons Learned from Evidence-Informed Decision-Making in Nutrition and Health (EVIDENT) in Africa: A Project Evaluation.” Health Research Policy and Systems 17 (12). doi.org/10.1186/s12961–019-0413-6.Google Scholar
Mudde, Cas. 2007. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mudde, Cas, and Kaltwasser, Cristobal Rovira. 2013. “Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Europe and Latin America.” Government and Opposition 48 (2): 147–74.Google Scholar
Mudde, Cas, and Kaltwasser, Cristobal Rovira. 2017. Populism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mueller, Lisa. 2018. Political Protest in Contemporary Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mueller, Lisa. 2020. “Popular Protest and Accountability.” In Routledge Handbook of Democratization in Africa, edited by Lynch, Gabrielle and VonDoepp, Peter, 392403. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mueller, Valerie, and Thurlow, James. 2019. Youth and Jobs in Rural Africa: Beyond Stylized Facts. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mukhopadhyay, Maitrayee. 2007. “Gender Justice, Citizenship and Development: An Introduction.” In Gender Justice, Citizenship and Development, edited by Mukhopadhyay, Maitrayee and Singh, Navsharan, 114. Delhi: Zubaan.Google Scholar
Muriaas, Ragnhild, and Wang, Vibeke. 2012. “Executive Dominance and the Politics of Quota Representation in Uganda.” Journal of Modern African Studies 50 (2): 309–38.Google Scholar
Musinguzi, Laban Kashaija. 2016. “The Role of Social Networks in Savings Groups: Insights from Village Savings and Loan Associations in Luwero, Uganda.” Journal of Community Development 51 (4): 499516.Google Scholar
Mutsvairo, Bruce, and Sirks, Lys-Anne. 2015. “Examining the Contribution of Social Media in Reinforcing Political Participation in Zimbabwe.” Journal of African Media Studies 7 (3): 329–44.Google Scholar
Mwenda, Andrew. 2007. “Personalizing Power in Uganda.” Journal of Democracy 118 (October): 2328.Google Scholar
Nathan, Noah. 2019. Electoral Politics and Africa’s Urban Transition. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ndegwa, Stephen. 1997. “Citizenship and Ethnicity: An Examination of Two Transition Moments in Kenyan Politics.” American Political Science Review 91 (3): 599616.Google Scholar
Negi, R. 2008. “Beyond the Chinese Scramble: The Political Economy of Anti-Chinese Sentiment in Zambia.” African Geographical Review 27: 4163.Google Scholar
News24. 2016. “Watch: Ugandan Youths Drop Piglets at Parliament in Protest.” September 16. www.news24.com/news24/Africa/News/watch-ugandan-youths-drop-piglets-at-parliament-in-protest-20160915-2.Google Scholar
Ngozwana, Nomazulu. 2014. Understandings of Democracy and Citizenship in Lesotho: Implications for Civic Education. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa. https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/12110.Google Scholar
Nie, Norman, Verba, Sidney, and Kim, Jae-on. 1974. “Political Participation and the Life Cycle.” Comparative Politics 6 (3): 319–40.Google Scholar
Nkrumah, Bright. 2021. “Beyond Tokenism: The ‘Born Frees’ and Climate Change in South Africa.” International Journal of Ecology. doi.org/10.1155/2021/8831677.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 2002. Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 2004. Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa, and Inglehart, Ronald. 2011. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
NTV Uganda. 2021. “The Rise of Uganda’s First Female Prime Minister: Robinal Nabbanja.” YouTube, June 10. www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQ2qr6DGvmc.Google Scholar
Nugent, Paul. 2001. “Winners, Losers and Also Rans: Money, Moral Authority and Voting Patterns in the Ghana 2000 Election.” African Affairs 100 (400): 405–28.Google Scholar
Nyabola, Nanjala. 2018. Digital Democracy, Analogue Politics: How the Internet Era Is Transforming Kenya. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Nyamnjoh, Francis. 2007. “From Bounded to Flexible Citizenship: Lessons from Africa.” Citizenship Studies 11 (1): 7382.Google Scholar
Nyamnjoh, Francis. 2016. #RhodesMustFall: Nibbling at Resilient Colonialism in South Africa. Buea, Cameroon: Langaa RPCIG.Google Scholar
Nyamu-Musembi, Celestine. 2007. “Addressing Formal and Substantive Citizenship: Gender Justice in Sub-Saharan Africa.” In Gender Justice, Citizens and Development, edited by Mukhopadhyay, Maitrayee and Singh, Navsharan, 171233. Delhi: Zubaan.Google Scholar
Obadare, Ebenezer. 2011. “Revalorizing the Political: Towards a New Intellectual Agenda for African Civil Society Discourse.” Journal of Civil Society 7 (4): 427–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obadare, Ebenezer. 2016. Humor, Silence and Civil Society in Nigeria. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.Google Scholar
Ochieng’ Opalo, Ken. 2019. Legislative Development in Africa: Politics and Postcolonial Legacies. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oduro, Franklin. 2009. “The Quest for Inclusion and Citizenship in Ghana: Challenges and Prospects.” Citizenship Studies 13 (6): 621–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oinas, Elina, Onodera, Henri, and Suurpää, Leena. 2018. What Politics? Youth and Political Engagement in Africa. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Okia, Opolot. 2019. “Introduction: Communal Forced Labor as a Mask of Tradition.” In Labor in Colonial Kenya after the Forced Labor Convention, 1930–1963, edited by Okia, Opolot, 124. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Olaiya, Taiwo. 2014. “Youth and Ethnic Movements and Their Impacts on Party Politics in ECOWAS Member States.” Sage Open, January–March: 1–14.Google Scholar
Olaoluwa, Azeezat. 2020. “End SARS Protests: The Nigerian Women Leading the Fight for Change.” BBC News, December 1. www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55104025.Google Scholar
Oldfield, Sophie, Matshaka, Netsai Sarah, Salo, Elaine, and Schlyter, Ann. 2019. “In Bodies and Homes: Gendering Citizenship in Southern African Cities.” Urbani Izziv 30 (February): 3751.Google Scholar
Oloka-Onyango, Joseph. 2004. “‘New Breed’ Leadership, Conflict, and Reconstruction in the Great Lakes Region of Africa: A Sociopolitical Biography of Uganda’s Yoweri Kaguta Museveni.” Africa Today 50 (3): 2952.Google Scholar
Oloka-Onyango, Joseph, and Ahikire, Josephine, eds. 2017. Controlling Consent: Uganda’s 2016 Elections. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.Google Scholar
Olorunnisola, Anthony, and Douai, Aziz, eds. 2013. New Media Influence on Social and Political Change in Africa. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.Google Scholar
Omelicheva, Mariya, and Ahmed, Ranya. 2018. “Religion and Politics: Examining the Impact of Faith on Political Participation.” Religion, State, and Society 46 (1): 425.Google Scholar
O’Neill, Kevin L. 2009. “But Our Citizenship Is in Heaven: A Proposal for the Future Study of Christian Citizenship in the Global South.” Citizenship Studies 13 (4): 333–48.Google Scholar
Onwuegbuzie, Anthony, Dickinson, Wendy, Leech, Nancy, and Zoran, Annmarie. 2009. “A Qualitative Framework for Collecting and Analyzing Data in Focus Group Research.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 8 (3): 121.Google Scholar
Ortiz-Ospina, Estaban, and Roser, Max. 2016. “Trust.” http://ourworldindata.org/trust.Google Scholar
Osei, Anya. 2016. “Formal Party Organisation and Informal Relations in African Parties: Evidence from Ghana.” Journal of Modern African Studies 54 (1): 3766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osei, Anya. 2018. “Elite Theory and Political Transitions: Networks of Power in Ghana and Togo.” Comparative Politics 51 (1): 2140.Google Scholar
Otiono, Nduka. 2021. “Dream Delayed or Dream Betrayed: Politics, Youth Agency and the Mobile Revolution in Africa.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 55 (1): 121–40.Google Scholar
Ottaway, Marina. 1999. Africa’s New Leaders: Democracy or State Reconstruction? New York: Carnegie Endowment.Google Scholar
Paget, Daniel. 2020a. “Again, Making Tanzania Great: Magufuli’s Restorationist Developmental Nationalism.” Democratization 27 (7): 1240–60.Google Scholar
Paget, Daniel. 2020b. “Mistaken for Populism: Magufuli, Ambiguity and Elitist Plebeianism in Tanzania.” Journal of Political Ideologies 26 (2): 121–41.Google Scholar
Paget, Daniel. 2021. “Tanzania: The Authoritarian Landslide.” Journal of Democracy 32 (2): 6176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paget, Daniel. 2022. “Lone Organizers: Opposition Party-Building in Hostile Places in Tanzania.” Party Politics 28 (2): 223–35.Google Scholar
Pailey, Robtel Neajai. 2016. “Birthplace, Bloodline and Beyond: How ‘Liberian Citizenship’ Is Currently Constructed in Liberia and Beyond.” Citizenship Studies 20 (6–7): 811–29.Google Scholar
Pailey, Robtel Neajai. 2021. Development, (Dual) Citizenship and Its Discontents in Africa: The Political Economy of Belonging in Liberia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Paller, Jeffrey. 2018. “From Urban Crisis to Political Opportunity.” In Africa under Neoliberalism, edited by Poku, Nana and Whitman, Jim, 7694. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Paller, Jeffrey. 2019. Democracy in Ghana: Everyday Politics in Urban Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Paller, Jeffrey. 2021. “Everyday Politics and Sustainable Urban Development in the Global South.” Area Development and Policy 6 (3): 319–36.Google Scholar
Paret, Marcel. 2018. “Beyond Post-Apartheid Politics: Cleavages, Protest and Elections in South Africa.” Journal of Modern African Studies 56 (3): 471–96.Google Scholar
Parsitau, Damaris. 2011. “‘Arise, O Ye Daughters of Faith’: Women, Pentecostalism and Public Culture in Kenya.” In Christianity and Public Culture in Africa, edited by Englund, Harri, 131–45. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Pateman, Carol. 1989. The Disorder of Women. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Patterson, Amy S. 1999. “The Dynamic Nature of Citizenship and Participation: Lessons from Three Rural Senegalese Case Studies.” Africa Today 46 (1): 327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, Amy S. 2006. The Politics of AIDS in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Patterson, Amy S. 2011. The Church and AIDS in Africa: The Politics of Ambiguity. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Patterson, Amy S. 2016. “Training Professionals and Eroding Relationships: Donors, Aids Care and Development in Urban Zambia.” Journal of International Development 28 (6) 827–44.Google Scholar
Patterson, Amy S. 2019. “‘To Save the Community’: Carework as Citizenship in Liberia’s Ebola Outbreak and Zambia’s AIDS Crisis.” Africa Today 66 (2): 2954.Google Scholar
Patterson, Amy S. 2022. “The Tanzanian State Response to COVID-19: Why Low Capacity, Discursive Legitimacy and Twilight Authority Matter.” WIDER Working Paper Series 2022–34. United Nations University. doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2022/165-5.Google Scholar
Patterson, Amy S., and Kuperus, Tracy. 2016. “Mobilizing the Faithful: Organizational Autonomy, Visionary Pastors, and Citizenship in South Africa and Zambia.” African Affairs 115 (459) 318–41.Google Scholar
Perullo, Alex. 2005. “Hooligans and Heroes: Youth Identity and Hip-Hop in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.” Africa Today 51 (4) 75101.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, James, and Chapman, Rachel. 2010. “Anthropological Perspectives on Structural Adjustment and Public Health.” Annual Review of Anthropology 39 (October): 149–65.Google Scholar
Phillips, Anne. 1991. Engendering Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Phillips, Kristin. 2018. An Ethnography of Hunger: Politics, Subsidence, and the Unpredictable Grace of the Sun. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Piper, Laurence, and von Lieres, Bettina. 2015. “Mediating between State and Citizens: The Significance of the Informal Politics of Third-Party Representation in the Global South.” Citizenship Studies 19 (6–7): 696713.Google Scholar
Pitcher, Anne, Moran, Mary, and Johnston, Michael. 2009. “Rethinking Patrimonialism and Neopatrimonialism in Africa.” African Studies Review 52 (1): 122–56.Google Scholar
Piven, Frances Fox, and Cloward, Richard. 1977. Poor People’s Movements: How They Succeed, Why They Fail. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Population International. 2010. “The Effects of a Very Young Age Structure in Uganda.” www.issuelab.org/resources/4998/4998.pdf.Google Scholar
Posel, Deborah. 2014. “Julius Malema and the Post-Apartheid Public Sphere.” Acta Academica 46 (1): 3254.Google Scholar
Posner, Daniel. 2005. Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Preston, Jesse, Salomon, Erika, and Ritter, Ryan. 2013. “Religious Prosociality: Personal, Cognitive, and Social Factors.” In Religion, Personality, and Social Behavior, edited by Saroglu, Vassilis, 149–69. London: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert. 1994. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Puumala, Eeva, and Shindo, Reiko. 2021. “Exploring the Links between Language, Everyday Citizenship, and Community.” Citizenship Studies 25 (6): 739–55.Google Scholar
Quaynor, Laura J. 2015a. “‘I Do Not Have the Means to Speak’: Educating Youth for Citizenship in Post-Conflict Liberia.” Journal of Peace Education 12 (1): 1536.Google Scholar
Quaynor, Laura J. 2015b. “Researching Citizenship Education in Africa: Considerations from Ghana and Liberia.” Comparative & International Education 10 (1): 120–34.Google Scholar
Rabe, Marlize. 2017. “Care, Family Policy and Social Citizenship in South Africa.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 48 (3): 327–38.Google Scholar
Radelet, Steven. 2010. “Success Stories from ‘Emerging Africa.’” Journal of Democracy 21 (4): 87101.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Louise Mubanda. 2013. “‘To Donors, It’s a Program, but to Us, It’s a Ministry’: The Effects of Donor Funding on a Community-Based Catholic HIV/AIDS Initiative in Kampala.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 47 (2): 227–47.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, Rebecca, and Okiror, Samuel. 2019. “Millions of Ugandans Quit Internet Services as Social Media Tax Takes Effect.” Guardian, February 27. www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/feb/27/millions-of-ugandans-quit-internet-after-introduction-of-social-media-tax-free-speech.Google Scholar
Republic of Uganda. 2001. “The National Youth Policy.” www.youthpolicy.org/national/Uganda_2001_National_Youth_Policy.pdf.Google Scholar
Resnick, Danielle. 2010. “Populist Strategies in African Democracies.” UNU–WIDER Working Paper 2010/114.Google Scholar
Resnick, Danielle. 2015. “The Political Economy of Africa’s Emergent Middle Class: Retrospect and Prospects.” Journal of International Development 27: 573–87.Google Scholar
Resnick, Danielle. 2022. “How Zambia’s Opposition Won.” Journal of Democracy 33 (1): 7084.Google Scholar
Resnick, Danielle, and Casale, Daniela. 2014. “Young Populations in Young Democracies: Generational Voting Behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Democratization 21 (6): 1172–94.Google Scholar
Resnick, Danielle, and Thurlow, James, eds. 2015. African Youth and the Persistence of Marginalization: Employment, Politics, and Prospects for Change. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Riker, William, and Ordeshook, Peter. 1968. “A Theory of the Calculus of Voting.” American Political Science Review 62 (1): 2542.Google Scholar
Rizzo, Matteo. 2017. Taken for a Ride: Grounding Neoliberalism, Precarious Labour, and Public Transport in an African Metropolis. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Robins, Steven. 2004. “‘Long Live Zackie, Long Live’: AIDS Activism, Science and Citizenship after Apartheid.” Journal of Southern African Studies 30 (3): 651–72.Google Scholar
Robins, Steven. 2014. “The 2011 Toilet Wars in South Africa: Justice and Transition between the Exceptional and Everyday after Apartheid.” Development and Change 45 (3): 479501.Google Scholar
Rocca, Camilla, and Schultes, Ines. 2020. “Africa’s Youth: Action Needed Now to Support the Continent’s Greatest Assets.” Briefing for Mo Ibrahim Foundation. August. https://mo.ibrahim.foundation/sites/default/files/2020-08/international-youth-day-research-brief.pdf.Google Scholar
Rogers, Wendy. 2003. “What Is a Child?” In Understanding Childhood: A Multidisciplinary Approach, edited by Woodhead, Martin and Montgomery, Heather, 123. Open University Online.Google Scholar
Rosander, Eva Evers. 1997. “Women in Groups in Africa: Female Associational Patterns in Senegal and Morocco.” In Organizing Women: Formal and Informal Women’s Groups in the Middle East, edited by Chatty, Dawn and Rabo, Annika, 101–23. New York: Berg Publishers.Google Scholar
Ross, Michael. 2015. “What Have We Learned about the Resource Curse?Annual Review of Political Science 18: 239–59.Google Scholar
Rotberg, Robert. 2013. Africa Emerges: Consummate Challenges, Abundant Opportunities. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Runciman, Carin, Bekker, Martin, and Maggott, Terri. 2019. “Voting Preferences of Protesters and Non-Protesters in Three South African Elections (2014–2019): Revisiting the ‘Ballot and the Brick’.” Politikon 46 (4): 390410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rushton, Simon, and Williams, Owain David. 2012. “Frames, Paradigms and Power: Global Health Policy-Making under Neoliberalism.” Global Society 26 (192): 147–67.Google Scholar
Ryder, Norman. 1965. “The Cohort as a Concept in the Study of Social Change.” American Sociological Review 30 (6): 843–61.Google Scholar
Sackey, Brigid. 2006. New Directions in Gender and Religion: The Changing Status of Women in African Independent Churches. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Sadgrove, Joanna. 2014. “Global Moralities, Local Responses: Interpreting Sexual Morality and Social Belonging in Uganda.” In Strings Attached: AIDS and the Rise of Transnational Connections in Africa, edited by Beckmann, Nadine, Gusman, Alessandro, and Shroff, Catrine, 79103. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sadurni, Sumy. 2018. “Women Activists Take to the Streets of Kampala to Demand More Police Action.” PRI’s the World, July 3. www.pri.org/stories/2018-07-03/women-activists-take-streets-kampala-demand-more-police-action.Google Scholar
Schaffer, Frederic. 2000. Democracy in Translation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Schatzberg, Michael. 2001. Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Schertz, China. 2014. Having People, Having Heart. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Scheye, Eric, and Pelser, Eric. 2020. “Emerging Crimes: Africa’s Development Models Must Change.” ENACT Observer, November 17. https://enactafrica.org/enact-observer/africas-development-models-must-change.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Elizabeth. 2005. “Top down or Bottom up? Nationalist Mobilization Reconsidered with Special Reference to Guinea (French West Africa).” American Historical Review 11 (4): 9751014.Google Scholar
Schneider, Leander. 2014. Government of Development: Peasants and Politicians in Postcolonial Tanzania. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, James. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Seekings, Jeremy. 1993. Heroes or Villains? Youth Politics in the 1980s. Johannesburg: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Selnes, Florence Namasinga, and Orgeret, Kristin Skare. 2020. “Social Media in Uganda: Revitalising News Journalism?Media, Culture and Society 42 (April): 380–97.Google Scholar
Semboja, Joseph, and Therkildsen, Ole, eds. 1995. Service Provision under Stress in East Africa: The State, NGOs and People’s Organizations in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research.Google Scholar
Senay, Banu. 2008. “How Do the Youth Perceive and Experience Turkish Citizenship?Middle Eastern Studies 44 (6): 963–76.Google Scholar
Shirazi, Roozbeh. 2012. “Performing the ‘Knights of Change’: Male Youth Narratives and Practices of Citizenship in Jordanian Schools.” Comparative Education 48 (1): 7185.Google Scholar
Shivji, I. G. 2012. “Nationalism and Pan-Africanism: Decisive Moments in Nyerere’s Intellectual and Political Thought.” Review of African Political Economy 39 (131): 103–16.Google Scholar
Silberman, Israella. 2005. “Religion as a Meaning System: Implications for the New Millennium.” Journal of Social Issues 61 (4): 641–63.Google Scholar
Sinyangwe, Chiwoyu. 2021. “Zambia: Young, Urban and Disgruntled PF Supporters, Can Lungu Woo Them Back?” Africa Report, July 13. www.theafricareport.com/107675/zambia-young-urban-and-disgruntled-pf-supporters-can-lungu-woo-them-back.Google Scholar
Sklar, Richard. 1979. “The Nature of Class Domination in Africa.” Journal of Modern African Studies 17 (4): 531–52.Google Scholar
Sloam, James. 2011. “Introduction: Youth, Citizenship and Politics.” Parliamentary Affairs 65 (1): 412.Google Scholar
Smith, Christian. 1996. Disruptive Religion: The Force of Faith in Social Movement Activism. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Smith, Daniel Jordan. 2003. “Patronage, Per Diems and the ‘Workshop Mentality’: The Practice of Family Planning Programs in Southeastern Nigeria.” World Development 31: 703–15.Google Scholar
Smith, Lahra. 2013. Making Citizens in Africa: Ethnicity, Gender and National Identity in Ethiopia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Snow, David, Soule, Sarah, and Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2004. The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements. London: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Soifer, Hillel. 2020. “Shadow Cases in Comparative Research.” Qualitative and Multi-Method Research 18 (2): 918.Google Scholar
Solomon, Ryan. 2019. “Xenophobic Violence and the Ambivalence of Citizenship in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Citizenship Studies 23 (2): 156–71.Google Scholar
Sommers, Marc. 2010. “Urban Youth in Africa.” Environment & Urbanization 22 (2): 317–32.Google Scholar
Sommers, Marc. 2015. The Outcast Majority: War, Development and Youth in Africa. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Sperber, Elizabeth, and Hern, Erin. 2018. “Pentecostal Identity and Citizen Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa: New Evidence from Zambia.” Politics and Religion 11: 830–62.Google Scholar
Sperber, Elizabeth, Kaaba, O’Brien, and McClendon, Gwyneth. 2022. “Increasing Youth Political Engagement with Efficacy Not Obligation: Evidence from a Workshop-Based Experiment in Zambia.” Political Behavior 44: 1933–58.Google Scholar
Squire, Peverill, Wolfinger, Raymond E., and Glass, David P.. 1987. “Residential Mobility and Voter Turnout.” American Political Science Review 81 (1): 4565.Google Scholar
Ssenkaaba, Stephen. 2021. “Uganda: Violence against Women Unabated despite Laws.” Africa Renewal. www.un.org/africarenewal/news/uganda-violence-against-women-unabated-despite-laws-and-policies.Google Scholar
Statista. 2021. “Youth Unemployment Rate in Africa from 2012 to 2021.” www.statista.com/statistics/1266153/youth-unemployment-rate-in-africa.Google Scholar
Stats SA. 2022. “Quarterly Labour Force Survey.” June. www.statssa.gov.za.Google Scholar
Stites, Elizabeth. 2013. “A Struggle for Rites: Masculinity, Violence, and Livelihoods in Karamoja, Uganda.” In Gender, Violence, and Human Security: Critical Feminist Perspectives, edited by Tripp, Aili Mari, Ferree, Myra Marx, and Ewig, Christina, 132–61. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Stockemer, Daniel. 2011. “Women’s Parliamentary Representation in Africa: The Impact of Democracy and Corruption on the Number of Female Deputies in National Parliaments.” Political Studies 59 (3): 693712.Google Scholar
Stoeltje, Beverly. 2003. “Asante Queen Mothers: Precolonial Authority in a Postcolonial Society.” Research Review 19 (2): 119.Google Scholar
Stolzenberg, Ross, Blair-Loy, Mary, and Wait, Linda J.. 1995. “Religious Participation in Early Adulthood: Age and Family Life Cycle Effects on Church Membership.” American Sociological Review 60 (1): 84103.Google Scholar
Taggart, Paul. 2000. Populism. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Tamale, Sylvia. 2009. “Law, Sexuality, and Politics in Uganda: Challenges for Women’s Human Rights NGOs.” In Human Rights NGOs in Africa: Political and Normative Tensions, edited by Mutua, Makau, 5174. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Tamale, Sylvia. 2016. “Profile: ‘Keep Your Eyes off My Thighs’: A Feminist Analysis of Uganda’s ‘Mini-Skirt Law’.” African Feminist 21: 8390.Google Scholar
Tapscott, Rebecca. 2017. “Local Security and the (Un)Making of Public Authority in Gulu, Northern Uganda.” African Affairs 116 (462): 3959.Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles F. 2017. “Ethnic Politics and Election Campaigns in Contemporary Africa: Evidence from Ghana and Kenya.” Democratization 24 (6): 951–69.Google Scholar
Taylor, Liam. 2021. “Millions of Ugandans Denied Services over Digital ID Cards.” Reuters, June 8. www.reuters.com/article/us-uganda-tech-rights/millions-of-ugandans-denied-vital-services-over-digital-id-cards-idUSKCN2DK28W.Google Scholar
Thieme, Tatiana. 2013. “The ‘Hustle’ amongst Youth Entrepreneurs in Mathare’s Informal Waste Economy.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 7 (3): 389412.Google Scholar
Thiong’o, Julius. 2021. “President John Magufuli: A Man after Julius Nyerere’s Own Heart.” Standard, October 21. www.standardmedia.co.ke/politics/article/2001406767/magufuli-in-the-footsteps-of-julius-nyerere-with-nationalist-agenda.Google Scholar
Thompson, Lisa, Tapscott, Chris, and De Wet, Pamela T.. 2018. “An Exploration of the Concept of Community and Its Impact on Participatory Governance Policy and Service Delivery in Poor Areas of Cape Town, South Africa.” Politikon 48 (2): 276–90.Google Scholar
Tipple, Graham, and Speak, Suzanne. 2009. The Hidden Millions: Homelessness in Developing Countries. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Transparency International. 2021. “Corruption Perception Index.” www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2021.Google Scholar
Treanor, Paul. 2005. “Neoliberalism: Origins, Theory.” http://web.inter.nl.net/users/Paul.Treanor/neoliberalism.html.Google Scholar
Tripp, Aili Mari. 2000. Women and Politics in Uganda. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Tripp, Aili Mari. 2006. “Uganda: Agents of Change for Women’s Advancement?” In Women in African Parliaments, edited by Bauer, Gretchen and Britton, Hannah, 111–32. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Tripp, Aili Mari. 2010. Museveni’s Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Tsikata, Dzodzi. 2009. “Women’s Organizing in Ghana since the 1990s: From Individual Organizations to Three Coalitions.” Development 52 (2): 185–92.Google Scholar
Tuğul, Cihan. 2021. “Populism Studies: The Case for Theoretical and Comparative Reconstruction.” Annual Review of Sociology 47: 327–47.Google Scholar
Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 2016. “Uganda: 2016 Demographic and Health Survey Key Findings.” https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SR245/SR245.pdf.Google Scholar
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2022. “World Population Prospects.” https://population.un.org/wpp.Google Scholar
UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS). 2021. “UNAIDS Data 2021.” www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/JC3032_AIDS_Data_book_2021_En.pdf.Google Scholar
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2017. Income Inequality Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa. New York: UNDP.Google Scholar
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2021. “Human Development Index Ranking 2021.” https://hdr.undp.org.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2022. “Who Are Youth?” www.un.org/en/global-issues/youth.Google Scholar
United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Labour, Employment, and Youth Development. 2007. “National Youth Development Policy.” www.youthpolicy.org/national/Tanzania_2007_National_Youth_Policy.pdf.Google Scholar
US Embassy of Zambia. 2021. “PEPFAR in Zambia.” https://zm.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/pepfar/pepfar-in-zambia.Google Scholar
USAID (US Agency for International Development). 2011. YouthMap Uganda. www.youthpolicy.org/national/Uganda_2011_Youth_Mapping_Volume_1.pdf.Google Scholar
USAID (US Agency for International Development). 2021. Country Development Cooperation Strategy, 20202025. www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/CDCS-Ghana-August-2025.pdf.Google Scholar
Utas, Mats. 2005. “Agency of Victims: Young Women’s Survival Strategies in the Liberian Civil War.” In Makers and Breakers: Children and Youth in Postcolonial Africa, edited by de Boeck, Filip and Honwana, Alcinda, 5380. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Uwalaka, Temple. 2022. “Social Media as Solidarity Vehicle during the 2020 #EndSARS Protests in Nigeria.” Journal of Asian and African Studies. doi.org/10.1177/00219096221108737.Google Scholar
Uzodike, Ufo Okeke, and Whetho, Ayo. 2008. “In Search of a Public Sphere: Mainstreaming Religious Networks into the African Renaissance Agenda.” Politikon 35 (2): 197222.Google Scholar
Van Allen, Judith. 1972. “‘Sitting on a Man’: Colonialism and the Lost Political Institutions of Igbo Women.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 6 (2): 165–81.Google Scholar
Van Allen, Judith. 2015. “What Are Women’s Rights Good For? Contesting and Negotiating Gender Cultures in Southern Africa.” African Studies Review 38 (3): 97128.Google Scholar
van de Walle, Nicolas. 2001. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
van de Walle, Nicolas. 2007. “Meet the New Boss, Same as the Old Boss? The Evolution of Political Clientelism in Africa.” In Patrons, Clients and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, edited by Kitschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Steven I., 5067. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Van Gyampo, Ransford. 2015. “Youth in Parliament and Youth Representation in Ghana.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 50 (1): 6982.Google Scholar
Van Gyampo, Ransford. 2020. “Generational Dynamics and Youth Politics.” In Routledge Handbook of Democratization in Africa, edited by Lynch, Gabrielle and VonDoepp, Peter, 329–41. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Van Gyampo, Ransford, and Anyidoho, Nana Akua. 2019. “Youth Politics in Africa.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia. Published online June 25. doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.716.Google Scholar
Van Gyampo, Ransford, and Asare, Bossman. 2017. “The Church and Ghana’s Drive toward Democratic Consolidation and Maturity.” Journal of Church and State 59 (1): 122.Google Scholar
Van Gyampo, Ransford, Graham, Emmanuel, and Asare, Bossman. 2017. “Political Vigilantism and Democratic Governance in Ghana’s Fourth Republic.” African Review 44 (2): 112–35.Google Scholar
Van Gyampo, Ransford, and Obeng-Odoom, F.. 2012. “Youth Participation in Local and National Development: 1620–2013.” Journal of Pan African Studies 5 (9): 129–55.Google Scholar
van Klinken, Adriaan. 2013. Transforming Masculinities in African Christianity: Gender Controversies in the Time of AIDS. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
van Stekelenburg, Jaquelien, and Klandermans, Bert. 2009. “Social Movement Theory: Past, Present and Prospects.” In Movers and Shakers: Social Movements in Africa, edited by Ellis, Stephen and van Kessel, Ineke, 1743. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Venugopal, Rajesh. 2015. “Neoliberalism as Concept.” Economy and Society 44 (2): 165–87.Google Scholar
Verba, Sidney, and Nie, Norman. 1972. Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Verba, Sidney, Schlozman, Kay L., and Brady, Henry E.. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Vokes, Richard, and Wilkins, Sam. 2016. “Party Patronage and Coercion in the NRM’s 2016 Re-Election in Uganda: Imposed or Embedded?Journal of Eastern African Studies 10 (4): 581600.Google Scholar
von Lieres, Bettina. 2014. “Citizenship from below: The Politics of Citizen Action & Resistance in South Africa & Angola.” In Civic Agency in Africa: Arts of Resistance in the 21st Century, edited by Obadare, Ebenezer and Willems, Wendy, 4962. London: James Currey.Google Scholar
VonDoepp, Peter. 2020. “Liberal Visions and Actual Power in Grassroots Civil Society: Local Churches and Women’s Empowerment in Rural Malawi.” Journal of Modern African Studies 40 (2): 273301.Google Scholar
VYLTP (Volmoed Youth Leadership Training Programme). 2019. “Programme Content.” Organizational Brochure. Author’s personal copy.Google Scholar
Walsh, Declan. 2022. “William Ruto, the Self-Proclaimed Champion of Kenya’s ‘Hustler Nation’.” New York Times, August 9. www.nytimes.com/2022/08/09/world/africa/kenya-elections-william-ruto.html.Google Scholar
Ward, Kevin. 2015. “The Role of the Anglican and Catholic Churches in Uganda in Public Discourse on Homosexuality and Ethics.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 9 (1): 127–44.Google Scholar
Watkins, Susan, and Swidler, Ann. 2012. “Working Misunderstandings: Donors, Brokers and Villagers in Africa’s AIDS Industry.” Population and Development Review 38: 197218.Google Scholar
Westheimer, Joel, and Kahne, Joseph. 2004. “Educating the ‘Good’ Citizen: Political Choices and Pedagogical Goals.” PS: Political Science & Politics 37 (2): 241–47.Google Scholar
Weyland, Kurt. 2001. “Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics.” Comparative Politics 34 (1): 122.Google Scholar
Weyland, Kurt. 2020. “Populism’s Threat to Democracy: Comparative Lessons for the United States.” Perspectives on Politics 18 (2): 389406.Google Scholar
Weyland, Kurt. 2022. “Why US Democracy Trumps Populism: Comparative Lessons Reconsidered.” PS: Political Science and Politics 55 (3): 478–83.Google Scholar
Whitaker, Beth Elise. 2005. “Citizens and Foreigners: Democratization and the Politics of Exclusion in Africa.” African Studies Review 48 (1): 109–26.Google Scholar
White, Julie Anne. 2001. “Citizenship and the Labor of Care.” Polity 233 (3): 487–99.Google Scholar
White, Sarah. 2002. “From the Politics of Poverty to the Politics of Identity? Child Rights and Working Children in Bangladesh.” Journal of International Development 14: 725–35.Google Scholar
Whitehead, Richard. 2012. “Historical Legacies, Clientelism and the Capacity to Fight: Exploring Pathways to Regime Tenure in Tanzania.” Democratization 19 (6): 1086–116.Google Scholar
Whiting, John. 1990. “Adolescent Rituals and Identity Conflicts.” In Cultural Psychology: Essays on Comparative Human Development, edited by Stigler, James, Shweder, Richard, and Herdt, Gilbert, 357–65. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
WHO (World Health Organization). 2018. “Violence against Women Prevalence Estimates, 2018: Executive Summary.” https://who.canto.global/s/KDE1H?viewIndex=0&column=document&id=b49pm5q72l3id8bohtnqutfg69.Google Scholar
Whyte, Jessica. 2019. The Morals of the Market: Human Rights and the Rise of Neoliberalism. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Wilkins, Sam, Vokes, Richard, and Khisa, Moses. 2021. “Briefing: Contextualizing the Bobi Wine Factor in Uganda’s 2021 Elections.” African Affairs 120 (481): 629–43.Google Scholar
Williams, Beth Ann. 2018. “Mainline Churches: Networks of Belonging in Postindependence Kenya and Tanzania.” Journal of Religion in Africa 48 (3): 255–85.Google Scholar
Williams, Paul, and Taylor, Ian. 2000. “Neoliberalism and the Political Economy of the ‘New’ South Africa.” New Political Economy 5 (1): 2140.Google Scholar
Woldemichael, Andinet. 2020. “Closing the Gender Gap in African Labor Market Is Good Economics.” Brookings Institution, January 23. www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/01/23/closing-the-gender-gap-in-african-labor-markets-is-good-economics.Google Scholar
Woolcock, Michael. 1998. “Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework.” Theory and Society 27 (2): 151208.Google Scholar
World Bank. 1981. Accelerated Development in Africa: An Agenda for Action. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2016. Migration and Development: A Role for the World Bank Group. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2019. “Prevalence of Severe Food Insecurity in the Population (%) – Uganda.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SN.ITK.SVFI.ZS?locations=UG.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2020a. “Literacy Rate, Adult Female (% of Females Ages 15 and above) – Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.FE.ZS?locations=ZG.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2020b. “Literacy Rate, Adult Male (% of Males Ages 15 and above) – Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.MA.ZS?locations=ZG.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2021. “Indicators.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2022. “Tanzania Economic Update 17 Final Report.” www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/publication/tanzania-economic-update-teu.Google Scholar
World Prisons Brief. 2020. “World Prisons Brief Data.” www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief-data.Google Scholar
Wuthnow, Robert. 2002. “Religious Involvement and Status-Bridging Social Capital.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41 (4): 669–75.Google Scholar
Yoon, Mi Yung. 2008. “Special Seats for Women in the National Legislature: The Case of Tanzania.” Africa Today 55 (1): 6186.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. 2007. “Nation, Ethnicity and Citizenship: Dilemmas of Democracy and Civil Order in Africa.” In Making Nations, Creating Strangers: States and Citizenship in Africa, edited by Dorman, Sara, Hammett, Daniel, and Nugent, Paul, 241–64. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Yuval-Davis, Nira. 2007. “Intersectionality, Citizenship and Contemporary Politics of Belonging.” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 10 (4): 561–74.Google Scholar
Zembylas, Michalinos. 2014. “Affective Citizenship in Multicultural Societies: Implications for Critical Citizenship Education.” Citizenship Teaching & Learning 9 (1): 518.Google Scholar
Zoettl, Peter Anton. 2016. “‘Prison Is for Young People!’ Youth, Violence, and the State in Praia and Mindelo, Cape Verde.” African Studies Review 59 (2): 231–49.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Amy S. Patterson, University of the South, Tennessee, Tracy Kuperus, Calvin University, Michigan, Megan Hershey, Whitworth University, Washington
  • Book: Africa's Urban Youth
  • Online publication: 10 August 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009235136.013
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Amy S. Patterson, University of the South, Tennessee, Tracy Kuperus, Calvin University, Michigan, Megan Hershey, Whitworth University, Washington
  • Book: Africa's Urban Youth
  • Online publication: 10 August 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009235136.013
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Amy S. Patterson, University of the South, Tennessee, Tracy Kuperus, Calvin University, Michigan, Megan Hershey, Whitworth University, Washington
  • Book: Africa's Urban Youth
  • Online publication: 10 August 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009235136.013
Available formats
×