Book contents
- Abolition in Sierra Leone
- African Identities: Past and Present
- Abolition in Sierra Leone
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Illustrations
- Acknowledgments
- Notes on the Text
- Abbreviations
- Introduction
- 1 Liberated African Origins and the Nineteenth-Century Slave Trade
- 2 Their Own Middle Passage
- 3 “Particulars of disposal”
- 4 Liberated African Nations
- 5 Kings and Companies
- 6 Religion, Return, and the Making of the Aku
- 7 The Cobolo War
- Conclusion
- Appendices
- Select Bibliography
- Index
- References
Select Bibliography
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 January 2020
Book contents
- Abolition in Sierra Leone
- African Identities: Past and Present
- Abolition in Sierra Leone
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Illustrations
- Acknowledgments
- Notes on the Text
- Abbreviations
- Introduction
- 1 Liberated African Origins and the Nineteenth-Century Slave Trade
- 2 Their Own Middle Passage
- 3 “Particulars of disposal”
- 4 Liberated African Nations
- 5 Kings and Companies
- 6 Religion, Return, and the Making of the Aku
- 7 The Cobolo War
- Conclusion
- Appendices
- Select Bibliography
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Abolition in Sierra LeoneRe-Building Lives and Identities in Nineteenth-Century West Africa, pp. 276 - 285Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2020
References
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Anderson, Richard. “Recaptives: Community and Identity in Sierra Leone, 1808–1863.” PhD dissertation, Yale University, 2015.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Henry. “Old Oyo Influences on the Transformation of Lucumí Identity in Colonial Cuba.” PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 2012.Google Scholar
Misevich, Philip. “‘On the Frontier of ‘Freedom’: Abolition and the Transformation of Atlantic Commerce in Southern Sierra Leone, 1790s to 1860s.” PhD dissertation, Emory University, 2009.Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce. “Trade and Politics in the Nunez and Pongo Rivers, 1790–1865.” PhD dissertation, Indiana University, 1971.Google Scholar
Scanlan, Padraic. “MacCarthy’s Skull: The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Sierra Leone, 1792–1823.” PhD dissertation, Princeton University, 2013.Google Scholar
Spitzer, Manon Lily. “The Settlement of Liberated Africans in the Mountain Villages of the Sierra Leone Colony 1808–1841.” MA thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1969.Google Scholar
Buxton, Thomas Fowell. The African Slave Trade and Its Remedy. London: J. Murray, 1840.Google Scholar
Clarke, Robert. Sierra Leone: A Description of the Manners and Customs of the Liberated Africans; With Observations upon the Natural History of the Colony, and a Notice of the Native Tribes. London: J. Ridgway, 1843.Google Scholar
Clarke, Robert. Sketches of the Colony of Sierra Leone and Its Inhabitants. London: T. Richards, 1863.Google Scholar
Hamilton, William. “Sierra Leone and the Liberated Africans.” The Colonial Magazine and Commercial-Maritime Journal, Martin, Robert Montgomery (ed.), vol. 6, September–December 1841, 327–334; vol. 7, January–April 1842, 29–42.Google Scholar
Horton, James Africanus. West African Countries and Peoples. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1969 [1868].Google Scholar
Johnson, W. A. B. Memoir of Rev. W. A. B. Johnson, Missionary of the C.M.S. Regents Town, Sierra Leone, AD 1816–1823. London: 1852.Google Scholar
Kilham, Hannah. Report on a Recent Visit to the Colony of Sierra Leone. London: William Philipps, 1828.Google Scholar
Koelle, S. W. Polyglotta Africana, or, A Comparative Vocabulary of Nearly Three Hundred Words and Phrases in More than One Hundred Distinct African Languages. London: Church Missionary House, 1854.Google Scholar
Leonard, Peter. Records of a Voyage to the Western Coast of Africa in H.M.S. Dryad. Edinburgh: William Tait, 1833.Google Scholar
Melville, Helen Elizabeth. A Residence at Sierra Leone: Described from a Journal Kept on the Spot, and Letters Written to Friends at Home. London: John Murray, 1849.Google Scholar
Rankin, F. Harrison. White Man’s Grave; A Visit to Sierra Leone in 1834. 2 vols. London: R. Bentley, 1836.Google Scholar
Schön, James Frederick, and Crowther, Samuel. Journals of the Rev. James Frederick Schön and Mr. Samuel Crowther Who, with the Sanction of Her Majesty’s Government, Accompanied the Expedition Up the Niger, in 1841, in Behalf of the Church Missionary Society. London: Hatchard and Son, 1842.Google Scholar
Buxton, Thomas Fowell. The African Slave Trade and Its Remedy. London: J. Murray, 1840.Google Scholar
Clarke, Robert. Sierra Leone: A Description of the Manners and Customs of the Liberated Africans; With Observations upon the Natural History of the Colony, and a Notice of the Native Tribes. London: J. Ridgway, 1843.Google Scholar
Clarke, Robert. Sketches of the Colony of Sierra Leone and Its Inhabitants. London: T. Richards, 1863.Google Scholar
Hamilton, William. “Sierra Leone and the Liberated Africans.” The Colonial Magazine and Commercial-Maritime Journal, Martin, Robert Montgomery (ed.), vol. 6, September–December 1841, 327–334; vol. 7, January–April 1842, 29–42.Google Scholar
Horton, James Africanus. West African Countries and Peoples. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1969 [1868].Google Scholar
Johnson, W. A. B. Memoir of Rev. W. A. B. Johnson, Missionary of the C.M.S. Regents Town, Sierra Leone, AD 1816–1823. London: 1852.Google Scholar
Kilham, Hannah. Report on a Recent Visit to the Colony of Sierra Leone. London: William Philipps, 1828.Google Scholar
Koelle, S. W. Polyglotta Africana, or, A Comparative Vocabulary of Nearly Three Hundred Words and Phrases in More than One Hundred Distinct African Languages. London: Church Missionary House, 1854.Google Scholar
Leonard, Peter. Records of a Voyage to the Western Coast of Africa in H.M.S. Dryad. Edinburgh: William Tait, 1833.Google Scholar
Melville, Helen Elizabeth. A Residence at Sierra Leone: Described from a Journal Kept on the Spot, and Letters Written to Friends at Home. London: John Murray, 1849.Google Scholar
Rankin, F. Harrison. White Man’s Grave; A Visit to Sierra Leone in 1834. 2 vols. London: R. Bentley, 1836.Google Scholar
Schön, James Frederick, and Crowther, Samuel. Journals of the Rev. James Frederick Schön and Mr. Samuel Crowther Who, with the Sanction of Her Majesty’s Government, Accompanied the Expedition Up the Niger, in 1841, in Behalf of the Church Missionary Society. London: Hatchard and Son, 1842.Google Scholar
Ajayi, J. F. Ade, and Crowder, Michael, eds. History of West Africa, vol. 2. New York: Columbia University Press, 1973.Google Scholar
Anderson, Richard, Borucki, Alex, Domingues da Silva, Daniel, Eltis, David, Lachance, Paul, Misevich, Philip, and Ojo, Olatunjo. “Using African Names to Identify the Origins of Captives in the Transatlantic Slave Trade: Crowd-Sourcing and the Registers of Liberated Africans, 1808–1862.” History in Africa, 40.1 (2013): 165–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apter, Andrew. Black Critics and Kings: The Hermeneutics of Power in Yoruba Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Ayandele, E. A. The Missionary Impact on Modern Nigeria, 1842–1914: A Political and Social Analysis. London: Longman, 1966.Google Scholar
Bangura, Joseph J. The Temne of Sierra Leone: African Agency in the Making of a British Colony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banton, Michael. West African City: A Study of Tribal Life in Freetown. London: Oxford University Press, 1957.Google Scholar
Barcia, Manuel. West African Warfare in Bahia and Cuba: Soldier Slaves in the Atlantic World, 1807–1844. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bastide, Roger. The African Religions of Brazil: Towards a Sociology of the Interpretation of Civilizations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.Google Scholar
Bethell, Leslie. “The Mixed Commissions for the Suppression of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century.” Journal of African History, 7.1 (1966): 79–93.Google Scholar
Biobaku, Saburi O. The Egba and Their Neighbours, 1842–1872. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.Google Scholar
Braidwood, Stephen J. Black Poor and White Philanthropists: London’s Blacks and the Foundations of the Sierra Leone Settlement 1786–1791. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Brown, Christopher Leslie. Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Brown, Vincent. The Reaper’s Garden: Death and Power in the World of Atlantic Slavery. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Byrd, Alexander X. Captives and Voyagers: Black Migrants across the Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic World. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Candido, Mariana. An African Slaving Port and the Atlantic World: Benguela and Its Hinterland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge, Childs, Matt D., and Sidbury, James, eds. The Black Urban Atlantic in the Age of the Slave Trade. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, Douglas B. “‘My Own Nation’: Igbo Exiles in the Diaspora.” Slavery and Abolition. 18.1 (1997): 72–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christopher, Emma. Freedom in Black and White: A Lost Story of the Illegal Slave Trade and Its Global Legacy. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Christopher, Emma, Pybus, Cassandra, and Rediker, Marcus, eds. Many Middle Passages: Forced Migrations and the Making of the Modern World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Cole, Gibril. The Krio of West Africa: Islam, Culture, and Colonialism in the Nineteenth Century. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crooks, John Joseph. A History of the Colony of Sierra Leone, Western Africa; With Maps and Appendices. Dublin: Browne and Nolan, 1903.Google Scholar
Curtin, Philip D, ed. Africa Remembered: Narratives by West Africans from the Era of the Slave Trade. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Curtin, Philip D, ed. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Curtin, Philip D., and Vansina, Jan. “Sources of the Nineteenth Century Atlantic Slave Trade.” Journal of African History, 5.2 (1964): 185–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curto, José C., and Lovejoy, Paul E., eds. Enslaving Connections: Changing Cultures of African and Brazil during the Era of Slavery. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2004.Google Scholar
Dalby, David. “Provisional Identification of Languages in the Polyglotta Africana.” Sierra Leone Language Review, 3 (1964): 83–90.Google Scholar
Dixon-Fyle, Mac, and Cole, Gibril, eds. New Perspectives on the Krio of Sierra Leone. New York: Peter Lang, 2006.Google Scholar
Domingues da Silva, Daniel B., Eltis, David, Misevich, Philip, and Ojo, Olatunji. “The Diaspora of Africans Liberated from Slave Ships in the Nineteenth Century.” Journal of African History, 55.3 (November 2014): 347–369.Google Scholar
Domingues da Silva, Daniel B., Eltis, David, Khan, Nafees, Misevich, Philip, and Ojo, Olatunji. “The Transatlantic Muslim Diaspora to Latin America in the Nineteenth Century.” Colonial Latin American Review, 26.4 (2017): 528–545.Google Scholar
Drescher, Seymour. The Mighty Experiment: Free Labor versus Slavery in British Emancipation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eltis, David. The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Eltis, David, and Richardson, David. Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Eltis, David, and Nwokeji, G. Ugo. “The Roots of the African Diaspora: Methodological Considerations in the Analysis of the Names in the Liberated African Registers of Sierra Leone and Havana.” History in Africa, 29 (2002): 365–379.Google Scholar
Falola, Toyin, and Njoku, Raphael Chijioke, eds. Igbo in the Atlantic World: African Origins and Diasporic Destinations. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Falola, Toyin, and Childs, Matt D., eds. The Yoruba Diaspora in the Atlantic World. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Falola, Toyin, and Genova, Ann, eds. Orisa: Yoruba Gods and Spiritual Identity in African and the Diaspora. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Gbadamosi, T. G. O. The Growth of Islam among the Yoruba 1841–1908. London: Longman, 1978.Google Scholar
Gomez, Michael A. Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Hair, P. E. H. “The Contribution of Freetown and Fourah Bay College to the Study of West African Languages.” Sierra Leone Language Review, 1 (1962): 7–18.Google Scholar
Hair, P. E. H. “The Enslavement of Koelle’s Informants.” Journal of African History, 6.2 (1965): 193–203.Google Scholar
Hair, P. E. H. The Sierra Leone Settlement – The Earliest Attempts to Study African Languages.” Sierra Leone Language Review, 2 (1963): 5–10.Google Scholar
Hair, P. E. H. “The Spelling and Connotation of the Toponym ‘Sierra Leone’ since 1461.” Sierra Leone Studies, New Series, 18 (1966).Google Scholar
Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo. Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Haour, Anne, and Rossi, Benedetta, eds. Being and Becoming Hausa: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Leiden: Brill, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrell-Bond, Barbara E., Howard, Allen M., and Skinner, David E.. Community Leadership and the Transformation of Freetown (1801–1976). The Hague: Mouton Press, 1978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawthorne, Walter. “‘Being Now, as It Were, One Family’: Shipmate Bonding on the Slave Vessel Emilia, in Rio de Janeiro and throughout the Atlantic World.” Luso-Brazilian Review, 45.1 (2008): 53–77.Google Scholar
Heywood, Linda M., ed. Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Higman, Barry W. Slave Populations of the British Caribbean. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Jones, Adam. “Recaptive Nations: Evidence Concerning the Demographic Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade in the Early Nineteenth Century.” Slavery & Abolition, 11.1 (1990): 42–57.Google Scholar
Klein, Herbert S. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Konadu, Kwasi. The Akan Diaspora in the Americas. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Kopytoff, Jean Herskovits. A Preface to Modern Nigeria: The “Sierra Leonians” in Yoruba, 1830–1890. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Krug, Jessica A. “Social Dismemberment, Social (Re)membering: Obeah Idioms, Kromanti Identities, and the Trans-Atlantic Politics of Memory, c. 1675–Present.” Slavery & Abolition, 35.4 (2014): 537–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuczynski, Robert R. Demographic Survey of the British Colonial Empire, West Africa, vol. 1. London: Oxford University Press, 1948.Google Scholar
Law, Robin. “Ethnicity and the Slave Trade: ‘Lucumi’ and ‘Nago’ as Ethnonyms in West Africa.” History in Africa, 24 (1997): 205–219.Google Scholar
Law, Robin. The Oyo Empire c. 1600–c. 1836: A West African Imperialism in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Aldershot: Gregg Revivals, 1991.Google Scholar
Law, Robin, and Mann, Kristin. “West Africa and the Atlantic Community: The Case of the Slave Coast.” William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 56.2 (April 1999): 307–334.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul E. “Background to Rebellion: The Origins of Muslim Slaves in Bahia.” Slavery and Abolition, 15.2 (1994): 151–180.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul E. ed. Jihād in West Africa during the Age of Revolutions. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul E. ed. “Scarification and the Loss of History in the African Diaspora,” in Apter, Andrew and Derry, Lauren, eds., Activating the Past Historical Memory in the Black Atlantic World. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholarly Publishing, 2010.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul E. ed. Slavery on the Frontiers of Islam. Princeton: Marcus Weiner, 2004.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul E., and Schwarz, Suzanne, eds. Slavery, Abolition, and the Transition to Colonialism in Sierra Leone. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul, and Trotman, David Vincent, eds. Trans-Atlantic Dimensions of Ethnicity in the African Diaspora. London: Continuum, 2003.Google Scholar
Lynn, Martin. “Technology, Trade, and a ‘Race of Native Capitalists’: The Krio Diaspora of West Africa and the Steamship, 1852–95.” Journal of African History, 33.3 (1992): 421–440.Google Scholar
Mabogunje, Akin L., and Omer-Cooper, J. D.. Owu in Yoruba History. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Mann, Kristin. Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760–1900. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Mann, Kristin, and Bay, Edna G., eds. Rethinking the African Diaspora: The Making of a Black Atlantic World in the Bight of Benin and Brazil. London: Frank Cass, 2001.Google Scholar
Matory, James Lorand. Black Atlantic Religion: Tradition, Transnationalism, and Matriarchy in the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Misevich, Philip, and Mann, Kristin, eds. The Rise and Demise of Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Atlantic World. Rochester: Rochester University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Mullin, Michael. Africa in America: Slave Acculturation and Resistance in the American South and the British Caribbean, 1736–1831. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Nishida, Mieko. Slavery and Identity: Ethnicity, Gender, and Race in Salvador, Brazil. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Northrup, David. Africa’s Discovery of Europe: 1450–1850. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Northrup, David. “Becoming African: Identity Formation among Liberated Slaves in Nineteenth-Century Sierra Leone.” Slavery and Abolition, 27.1 (April 2006): 1–21.Google Scholar
Northrup, David. “Igbo and Myth Igbo: Culture and Ethnicity in the Atlantic World, 1600–1850.” Slavery & Abolition, 21.3 (2000): 1–20.Google Scholar
Northrup, David. “New Light from Old Sources: Pre-colonial References to the Anang Ibibio.” Ikenga Journal of African Studies, 2.1 (January 1973).Google Scholar
Northrup, David. Trade without Rulers: Pre-colonial Economic Development in South-eastern Nigeria. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978.Google Scholar
Nugent, Paul. “Putting the History Back into Ethnicity: Enslavement, Religion, and Cultural Brokerage in the Construction of Mandinka/Jola and Ewe/Agotime Identities in West Africa, c. 1650–1930.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 50.4 (October 2008): 920–948.Google Scholar
Nunley, John W. Moving with the Face of the Devil: Art and Politics in Urban West Africa. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Ojo, Olatunji. “‘Heepa’ (Hail) Òrìşà: The Òrìsà Factor in the Birth of Yoruba Identity.” Journal of Religion in Africa, 39.1 (2009): 30–59.Google Scholar
Ojo, Olatunji. “The Organization of the Atlantic Slave Trade in Yorubaland, ca. 1777 to ca. 1856.” International Journal of African Historical Studies, 48.1 (2008): 77–100.Google Scholar
Olupona, Jacob K., and Rey, Terry, eds. Òrìsà Devotion as World Religion: The Globalization of Yorùbá Religious Culture. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Peel, J. D. Y. Christianity, Islam, and the Oriṣa: Three Traditions in Comparison and Interaction. Oakland: University of California Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Peel, J. D. Y. “The Cultural Work of Yoruba Ethnogenesis,” in Tonkin, Elizabeth, McDonald, Maryon, and Chapman, Malcolm, eds., History and Ethnicity. London: Routledge, 1989, 198–215.Google Scholar
Peel, J. D. Y. Religious Encounter and the Making of the Yoruba. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Peterson, John. Province of Freedom: A History of Sierra Leone, 1787–1870. London: Faber and Faber, 1969.Google Scholar
Porter, Arthur T. Creoledom: A Study of the Development of Freetown Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963.Google Scholar
Reis, João José. Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Rucker, Walter C. Gold Coast Identities: Identity, Culture, and Power. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Scanlan, Padraic X. Freedom’s Debtors: British Antislavery in Sierra Leone in the Age of Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Schuler, Monica. “Liberated Central Africans in Nineteenth-Century Guyana,” in Heywood, Linda M., ed., Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Stuart B. Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550–1835. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Schwarz, Suzanne. “Reconstructing the Life Histories of Liberated Africans: Sierra Leone in the Early Nineteenth Century.” History in Africa, 39 (2012): 175–207.Google Scholar
Skinner, David E. “The Influence of Islam in Sierra Leone: Institutions, Practices, and Leadership.” Journal of West African History, 2.1 (Spring 2016): 27–71.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert. The Kingdoms of the Yoruba, 3rd edition. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Spitzer, Leo. The Creoles of Sierra Leone: Responses to Colonialism, 1870–1945. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Strickrodt, Silke. Afro-European Trade in the Atlantic World: The Western Slave Coast c. 1550–c. 1885. Woodbridge: James Currey, 2015.Google Scholar
Thompson, Robert Farris. Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy. New York: Vintage: 1984.Google Scholar
Thornton, John. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800, 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Tishken, Joel E., Falola, Toyin, and Akinyemi, Akintunde, eds. Ṣàngó in Africa and the African Diaspora. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Tonkin, Elizabeth, McDonald, Maryon, and Chapman, Malcolm, eds. History and Ethnicity. London: Routledge, 1989.Google Scholar
Turner, Michael J. “The Limits of Abolition: Government, Saints, and the ‘African Question’, c. 1780–1820.” The English Historical Review, 112.446 (April 1997): 319–357.Google Scholar
Verger, Pierre, Trade Relations between the Bight of Benin and Bahia, 17th to 19th Century. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Walker, James St. G. The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870. London: Longman, 1976.Google Scholar
Wyse, Akintola. The Krio of Sierra Leone: An Interpretive History. Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1991.Google Scholar