The electron structural analysis of a Madagascar sepiolite (Ampandrandava) was carried out by selected area electron diffraction obtained from monocristals. Fourier projections, derived from the experimental intensity of Okl, hOl and hkO reflections, show that the Mg2+ cations on the edges of the sheets are distributed between two sites. Correlatively the water molecules bound to these Mg2+ occupy two distinct positions. These principal structural differences with the Brauner and Preisinger model explain details of the i.r. spectra during the desorption of water or the adsorption of polar molecules. The differences between the two models can be considered as a consequence of treating the mineral in vacuum.

Intercalation compounds of styrene and quaternary ammonium montmorillonite were prepared by immersion of the clay in styrene monomer. The intercalation of stearyltrimethylammonium (CH3(CH2)17N(CH3)3+)-montmorillonite and styrene showed an expansion of the basal spacing to a constant value of ∼32 Å after immersion for 10 days. After polymerization, the amount of polystyrene in the interlayer region was determined by thermal gravimetric analysis. Styrene adsorption initially increased with increasing quaternary ammonium cation and then became approximately constant when loading of the quaternary ammonium cation exceeded 100 meq/100 g clay. The volume resistivity of the stearyltrimethylammonium-montmorilionite-polystyrene complex, which was determined with a high resistance meter, was greater than that of both the quaternary ammonium-montmorillonite and the montmorillonite, and increased in proportion to the amount of polymer adsorbed. These data indicate that polystyrene improved the insulating properties of the clay films.

A quantitative method for determination of montmorillonite in the soil clay fraction, using X-ray spectrometry, is proposed. The method is based on the fact that polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is adsorbed on the interlayer surfaces of montmorillonite, giving a first order c-axis spacing of 26 Å, while it is not adsorbed on other swelling clays. The experimental conditions to obtain a maximum height of the X-ray diffraction peak, and the effect of the mass adsorption coefficient of vermiculite on the intensity of montmorillonite, were investigated. Soil montmorillonite was determined by the method of known additions, measuring the intensity of the X-ray diffraction peak before and after the addition of small and known amounts of Wyoming montmorillonite.

Characteristics and properties of complexes of a smectite (hectorite) with 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) chelates with iron or copper were determined by a variety of physical and chemical measurements. The complex ions showed high selectivity for the hectorite surface. Basal spacings of 17.4 Å were produced by Fe(II) or Cu(II) analogues of M(phen)32+ hectorite. Adsorption of gases and vapors by the M(phen)32+ hectorite complex revealed large surface areas and reflected intrinsic characteristics of the complex ions. Lower surface areas were found for copper phen hectorite than iron phen hectorite probably because of the loss of a ligand from the Cu(II) ion. ESR spectra confirmed that appreciable Cu(II) existed as the bis-phen complex under certain conditions. An increase in the oxidation potential of the Fe(phen)32+-Fe(phen)33+ couple above that in pure solvent was noted when these complexes were supported by the mineral surface.

Inorganic gel and allophane collected from basaltic saprolite on Maui, Hawaii, and studied by Patterson in 1964 were reexamined. The main constituent of the gel is imogolite, and gibbsite and allophane are the minor constituents. Electron and X-ray diffraction patterns, DTA curve, and an infrared spectrum of the gel are characteristic of imogolite. The allophane is virtually noncrystalline to X-rays but contains a small amount of imogolite in relatively short threads. High-resolution electron micrographs indicate differences in structural organization between allophane and imogolite and suggest crystallization of imogolite from allophane.

The occurrence of imogolite as a weathering product has been reported in many localities from pyroclastic materials but not from massive rocks. Probably the exceptionally high rainfall, excellent subsurface permeability of the weathered material, and the low pH and high organic content of the leaching solution provide favorable conditions for formation of imogolite from basalt on Maui.

In his article on tragedy (Diogenes, No. 7), Mr. Charles G. Bell has offered us some provocative insights and opinions. I am compelled to question, however, some of the basic concepts he brings to the interpretation of tragedy.

It would seem that Mr. Bell, despite the depth of his thinking, has embraced several of the current clichés, which perhaps have their origin in the writings of A. C. Bradley. Critics adhering to this school hold that, for one reason or another, it is not possible to write tragedy in the twentieth century and that no work ending in bleak pessimism or despair is tragic. Mr. Bell, combining literary and historical criteria, is particularly severe in his limitation of the field of tragedy and the possibilities open to it. If I read him aright, only Aeschylus, Shakespeare, and the earlier Sophocles (before he fell from grace) have ever really earned admission to the exclusive realm.

Major factors affecting the selected area electron diffraction (SAD) patterns of micas are: lattice properties of the crystal, specimen thickness, orientation of the crystal, properties of the Ewald sphere for electron diffraction, depth of field of the objective lens, and variations in focusing conditions of this lens. Depending on these factors, SAD patterns of 2M1 muscovite may display different symmetries. Specimen ’finite’ thickness affects the intensity in terms of the ’interference function’. The latter function has been evaluated exactly and the intensity distribution has been calculated along the (hk) rows. The observed intensity variations of (hk) spots indicate that the focusing conditions of the objective lens are rather critical for the symmetry of SAD patterns.

Forty years ago, Leander Keck criticised the ‘tyranny of titles’ in the study of New Testament Christology. While Keck rightly criticised early- to mid-twentieth approaches to titles for Jesus, there is no denying the importance of titles in New Testament texts. This article summarises classic twentieth-century approaches to christological titles and discusses the most important criticisms. The root issue of such approaches is the conflation of titles and concepts. A constructive proposal is offered for reading christological titles as literary strategies of characterisation. This approach begins by carefully defining what is meant by a title and how titles might be distinguished from common nouns and names. Six principles for the productive interpretation of titles are then discussed: 1) titles must be distinguished from other christological material like motifs, typologies, and references to biblical texts; 2) titles must be distinguished from each other; 3) titles are meaningful not because they refer to particular ideas but because of their relationship with biblical texts, religious life, and culture; 4) what a title does is more important than what a title means; 5) titles are flexible, polyvalent, and ambiguous; 6) titles must be read alongside other titles and non-titular material. Finally, it is demonstrated how this literary approach to titles will be fruitful for contemporary discussions in New Testament Christology and contribute to the renewal of New Testament Christology that Keck called for several decades ago.1

The formation of hematite from amorphous Fe(III)hydroxide in aqueous systems at pH 6 and 70°C, both with and without oxalate, was followed by kinetic measurements, electron microscopy, i.r. spectroscopy and thermal analysis.

In the absence of oxalate, small amorphous particles coalesce into aggregates which eventually become single crystals of hematite. When oxalate is present, crystal growth is much faster and does not proceed through the intermediate stage of aggregation. Aggregates, when formed, consist of groups of single crystals. It is suggested that oxalate accelerates the nucleation of hematite crystals by acting as a template, the Fe-Fe distance in Fe-oxalate ions being similar to that in hematite.

Our society in the Far West is evolving toward a consumers’ society. The differences between social classes tend to be erased by affluence and by ways of life that are becoming more and more common to those on the highest as well as the lowest level of the social scale. Thus the idea itself of social class is tending to disappear. On the other hand, a new differentiation is emerging which is based on culture and the form that culture takes in a society nourished by the means of mass communication. We may suppose that in the society of 1990 human groups will be differentiated according to the tastes and aptitudes of each of their members.

Surface properties of reduced charge montmorillonites (RCM) whose exchange capacities were saturated with tetra-alkylammonium cations, were studied with X-ray diffraction, nitrogen, and water adsorption. Methods were utilized for preparing montmorillonite of varying charge and of swelling reduced-charge clay with ethanol. As charge reduction proceeds, all layers retain some exchangeable cations until about half the original charge is reached at which point collapsed layers begin to appear and increase to about 60 per cent at maximum charge reduction. Charge reduction thus appears to proceed in a non-homogeneous fashion. When saturating exchange sites with tetra-alkylammonium ions in ethanol solvent, intercalation of salt in uncharged layers was noted if the samples were not completely washed. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms at liquid nitrogen temperatures showed considerable interlamellar penetration of tetramethylammonium (TMA+) clays, resulting in high calculated surface areas. Much less adsorption on the tetra-n-propylammonium (TPA+) clays was observed. Surface areas were increased upon reduction of charge up to the point where collapsed layers began to be appreciable, whereupon measured areas decreased. Water adsorption isotherms reflected the hydration properties of the exchangeable cation as well as the surface available for adsorption.

In seventeenth-century Germany art and reality stood in a contradictory relationship to one another, and this contradiction was a fruitful one: it contained, in an undeveloped and indistinct form, the paths that art was to take in the centuries that followed. From the point of view of the history of culture, it is important to feel the basic contradiction of this period, the pledge of the developments of the future, even though the period itself perhaps suffered from this contradiction. We ourselves will be helped in this direction—that is, towards the elucidation of the central contradiction of seventeenth-century art—by a few isolated comments and observations on the literary texts of the time.

Logic is the science of pure time, just as geometry is the science of pure space.

In the past one would not have dared make such a statement. Just as geometry seemed to deal only with stable shapes and not with transformations and deformations, logic seemed to deal with the static modalities of thought and among its connections only with the syllogistic—and that as a matter of privilege. But geometry has become the science of moving spatial shapes; everywhere mathematics has brought in the fluxional element; on the whole, science considers rest as an extreme instance of motion. Logic too—even leaving aside mathematical logic— cannot keep its classical image. For thought cannot confine itself— and confines itself even less than mathematics does—to reflecting the static. While a circle can still be looked upon as a simple circle and not deformed by topological vision, a form of thought is always condensed time.

Our predecessors Pott, Miklosich, Woolner, Grierson, Jules Bloch, Barannikov, Ralph Turner and others, have established from diachronic facts (comparison of the Romany with the old Indian) the Indian origin of the Tsiganes, or Gypsies. Their divergencies originate from the exact place of the primitive homeland of the Gypsies, the majority inclining to the north-west of India.

Although urbanism in terms of “a relatively large, dense, and permanent settlement of socially heterogeneous individuals” is not a general characteristic of traditional life, it is far from being unique in West Africa. In 1911 there were already twenty-nine towns of over 3,000 inhabitants in what is now southern Ghana, and this degree of urban concentration is small compared with western Nigeria. The Yoruba of that region have six cities of more than 100,000, including Ibadan, which is the largest Negro city in Africa. In 1931 some 28 per cent of the Yoruba lived in nine cities of 45,000 inhabitants, while 34 per cent of the population lived in sixteen cities of over 20,000 inhabitants. In addition, there were twenty-seven centers with populations between 10,000 and 19,999. Bascom has calculated that the estimated index of urbanization of Yoruba cities falls between that of the United States and Canada and that the distribution of population in urban centers is very similar to that of France.