Chapter 7 sets out the key components of State responsibility under international law and then uses a series of case studies to demonstrate that responsibility in practice. Responsibility for a State’s negligent failure to prevent a terrorist attack looks at the acts and omissions of the Russian authorities with respect to the school siege at Beslan in 2003. Three cases have been chosen to exemplify the direct perpetration of terrorism by a State. The first case is the bombing by French agents of the Greenpeace boat, Rainbow Warrior, by French agents in New Zealand in 1985. The second involves certain acts of Syrian authorities following the protests related to the Arab Spring, in particular the widespread and systematic torture and summary execution of opponents of the regime. The third case is the conduct of Russian forces in Ukraine following its invasion on 24 February 2022. Examples of State responsibility as accomplices to acts of terrorism are the responsibility of Liberia for the actions of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in neighbouring Sierra Leone during the civil war and the potential responsibility of Syria for the murder of former Lebanese Prime Minister, Rafik Hariri, in Beirut on 14 February 2005.

The primary sensory cortex (S1) is the last stop (numerically the third stop) and place of information integration/interpretation of the millions of fibers in the ascending dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway.

Lord Lieutenant Thomas Wentworth, arriving in Ireland in 1633, unified disparate Ireland into opposition, culminating in his 1641 impeachment, trial, and execution in London. Months later, Ulster and then Ireland more broadly, rose in rebellion. Milton’s first published prose works, including his formative anti-prelatical tracts precede and follow the Ulster Rising. Increasingly Milton addresses Ireland, and the Rising. In James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh, Milton finds an Irish interlocutor, and foil.

The frontal lobe contains the prefrontal cortex, which aids with planning and problem solving, and matures/evolves late in development. It also contains Broca’s area, which is a language area and is predominantly responsible for speech production. It is positioned just above the olfactory bulb, which perceives scent. Interestingly it also functions to help with impulse control, thus knowing when to stop.

No unitary definition of terrorism exists in international law and it is unlikely that States will agree upon one in the future. Chapter 1 describes how and why definitions differ in peacetime and in armed conflict and between international terrorism and domestic terrorism. Each of these scenarios evinces particularities in the contours of terrorism under international law. The chapter also explains why the United Nations Comprehensive Convention against International Terrorism has not been successfully concluded.

The facial nerve is a mixed nerve with motor, visceral sensory, somatic sensory, and parasympathetic functions. The motor facial nucleus is located in caudal dorsal pons at the level of abducens nucleus. As the fibers emerge, they wrap around the abducens nucleus, forming the so-called facial colliculus. As the nerve exits the brainstem, it is accompanied by a smaller nerve called nervus intermedius. The main nerve carries the motor fibers from the facial nucleus. The nervus intermedius carries the sensory fibers and the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.

The cavernous sinus is a dural venous sinus present in the base of the skull. There is a pair of cavernous sinuses, one on each side of the sella turcica (Latin meaning “Turkish saddle”), which contains the pituitary gland.

The Edinger–Westphal nucleus, also called the accessory oculomotor nucleus, is the primary provider of parasympathetic innervation to the sphincter muscles of the iris and to the ciliary muscles. It is located in the midbrain bilaterally and is a key component of the pupillary light reflex.

The filum terminale is a thin layer of connective tissue, continuous with the pia mater (the innermost meningeal layer) that travels inferiorly through the spinal canal (after the spinal cord ends via the conus medullaris at around L1–2), through the subarachnoid space, to attach to the coccyx. Its major function is to keep the spinal cord pulled taut. In Latin, filum terminale means “terminal thread.”

It is well known that every finite simple group has a generating pair. Moreover, Guralnick and Kantor proved that every finite simple group has the stronger property, known as $\frac{3}{2}$-generation, that every nontrivial element is contained in a generating pair. More recently, this result has been generalised in three different directions, which form the basis of this survey article. First, we look at some stronger forms of $\frac{3}{2}$-generation that the finite simple groups satisfy, which are described in terms of spread and uniform domination. Next, we discuss the recent classification of the finite $\frac{3}{2}$-generated groups. Finally, we turn our attention to infinite groups, and we focus on the recent discovery that the finitely presented simple groups of Thompson are also $\frac{3}{2}$-generated, as are many of their generalisations. Throughout the article we pose open questions in this area, and we highlight connections with other areas of group theory.

The chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve, CN7, the seventh son, which itself originates at the pons, which in Latin means “bridge.” Specifically, the chorda tympani branches off as the facial nerve passes through the mastoid bone posterior to the middle ear (mastoid segment of the facial nerve).

The nucleus basalis is a nucleus located in the basal forebrain, also known as the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM). This is a poorly defined area in the base of the forebrain and is thus also known as the substantia innominata.

The optic canal is located in the lesser wing of the sphenoid. Its walls are coated by the dura. Its chief contents are the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery, both of which travel anteriorly to the orbit.

Weinberg takes the standard first-year courses for physics students, studying mechanics, heat, light, and electromagnetism. While these are not the fancy modern topics, they are the essential foundations for everything else he would learn in physics. He joins Telluride House, a fraternity. In his sophomore year, he lets his studies slide (except for physics and math). He pulls out of this slump with the determination not to waste any more time and forms the habit of being a compulsive worker. He lands a summer job at Bell Telephone Laboratories. In his senior year, he learns quantum mechanics. He decides to apply to graduate school to study for a PhD in physics, and to marry Louise Goldwasser.

The abducens nerve originates in the pons (pons means “bridge” in Latin). The abducens nucleus is located in the caudal dorso-medial pons. The fibers travel ventrally through the corticospinal tract and exit at the ponto-medullary junction. The nerve then travels in the pre-pontine cistern and ascends toward the petro-clival confluence. This venous confluence is separated into a superior and inferior compartment by the Gruber’s ligament (also known as petroclinoid ligament). The abducens nerve travels in the inferior compartment where it is tethered to the Gruber’s ligament, known as Dorello’s canal. Afterward, the nerve enters the cavernous sinus. In the cavernous sinus, the nerve leaves its dural sleeve and runs very close to the internal carotid artery. The nerve exits the cavernous sinus with CN III, IV, and V1 via the superior orbital fissure to enter the orbit. In the orbit, it runs next to the superior ophthalmic vein and only innervates one muscle, the lateral rectus.

The cerebellum is covered by a dural reflection called the tentorium cerebelli, aka the tent. If the cerebellum descends into the foramen magnum, it can cause obstructive hydrocephalus by obstructing the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid. It functions to help with balance and posture and gets its name from Latin, meaning little brain. Though the cerebellum takes up only approximately 10% of the brain’s volume, it contains over 70% of its total neurons.