The aim of this study was to describe the dietary intake of British vegetarians according to the Nova classification and to evaluate the association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and the nutritional quality of the diet. We used data from the UK national survey (2008/2019). Food collected through a 4-d record were classified according to the Nova system. In all tertiles of the energy contribution of ultra-processed foods, differences in the average nutrient intake, as well as in the prevalence of inadequate intake, were analysed, considering the values recommended by international authorities. Ultra-processed foods had the highest dietary contribution (56·3 % of energy intake), followed by fresh or minimally processed foods (29·2 %), processed foods (9·4 %) and culinary ingredients (5 %). A positive linear trend was found between the contribution tertiles of ultra-processed foods and the content of free sugars (β 0·25, P < 0·001), while an inverse relationship was observed for dietary fibre (β –0·26, P = 0·002), potassium (β –0·38, P < 0·001), Mg (β –0·31, P < 0·001), Cu (β –0·22, P < 0·003), vitamin A (β –0·37, P < 0·001) and vitamin C (β –0·22, P < 0·001). As the contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake increased (from the first to the last tertile of consumption), the prevalence of inadequate intake of free sugars increased (from 32·9 % to 60·7 %, respectively), as well as the prevalence of inadequate fibre intake (from 26·1 % to 47·5 %). The influence of ultra-processed foods on the vegetarian diet in the UK is of considerable magnitude, and the consumption of this food was associated with poorer diet quality.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have recently been widely applied in a comprehensive realm. By enhancing computer photography and artificial intelligence, UAVs can automatically discriminate against environmental objectives and detect events that occur in the real scene. The application of collaborative UAVs will offer diverse interpretations which support a multiperspective view of the scene. Due to the diverse interpretations of UAVs usually deviating, UAVs require a consensus interpretation for the scenario. This study presents an original consensus-based method to pilot multi-UAV systems for achieving consensus on their observation as well as constructing a group situation-based depiction of the scenario. Taylor series are used to describe the fuzzy nonlinear plant and derive the stability analysis using polynomial functions, which have the representations $V(x )={m_{\textrm{1} \le l \le N}}({{V_\textrm{l}}(x )} )$ and ${V_l}(x )={x^T}{P_l}(x )x$. Due to the fact that the ${\dot{P}_l}(x )$ in ${\dot{V}_l}(x )={\dot{x}^T}{P_l}(x )x + {x^T}{\dot{P}_l}(x )x + {x^T}{P_l}(x )\dot{x}$ will yield intricate terms to ensure a stability criterion, we aim to avoid these kinds of issues by proposing a polynomial homogeneous framework and using Euler's functions for homogeneous systems. First, this method permits each UAV to establish high-level conditions from the probed events via a fuzzy-based aggregation event. The evaluated consensus indicates how suitable is the scenario collective interpretation for every UAV perspective.

In the ninth century AD, Moravia (now in Czechia) was the heartland of the first Slavic state-like formation in Central Europe. Traditionally, the archaeology of the region has been interpreted via historical records only; the FORMOR project aims to broaden this view by using archaeometry, archaeogenetics, bioarchaeology and introducing new theoretical approaches.

Social investment can act as an empowering funding mechanism that could activate the economic agency of marginalised people while addressing their social needs. Nonetheless, political agendas might cause divergence in the achievement of social investment’s potential benefits. To develop our understanding in this area, this paper aims to extract discursive policy framings of social investment by comparing the UK and Scottish Government policies to identify the use of social investment and its implications on social innovation. Using corpus linguistic methods that allows for a framing analysis, the paper’s findings are twofold. Firstly, both the UK and Scottish Governments share similarities in the framing of social investment policy, especially in the proclivity towards the privatisation of social welfare delivery using market mechanisms. Secondly, the governments differ in their intensity of conviction for social investment which creates divergent implications for social innovation practice in the countries.

We define duality triples and duality pairs in compactly generated triangulated categories and investigate their properties. This enables us to give an elementary way to determine whether a class is closed under pure subobjects, pure quotients and pure extensions, as well as providing a way to show the existence of approximations. One key ingredient is a new characterization of phantom maps. We then introduce an axiomatic form of Auslander–Gruson–Jensen duality, from which we define dual definable categories, and show that these coincide with symmetric coproduct closed duality pairs. This framework is ubiquitous, encompassing both algebraic triangulated categories and stable homotopy theories. Accordingly, we provide many applications in both settings, with a particular emphasis on silting theory and stratified tensor-triangulated categories.

Anselm described god as “something than which nothing greater can be thought” [1, p. 93], and Descartes viewed him as “a supreme being” [7, p. 122]. I first capture those characterizations formally in a simple language for monadic predicate logic. Next, I construct a model class inspired by Stoic and medieval doctrines of grades of being [8, 20]. Third, I prove the models sufficient for recovering, as internal mathematics, the famous ontological argument of Anselm, and show that argument to be, on this formalization, valid. Fourth, I extend the models to incorporate a modality fit for proving that any item than which necessarily no greater can be thought is also necessarily real. Lastly, with the present approach, I blunt the sharp edges of notable objections to ontological arguments by Gaunilo and by Grant. A trigger warning: every page of this writing flouts the old saw “Existence is not a predicate” and flagrantly.

Consider the motion of a thin layer of electrically conducting fluid, between two closely spaced parallel plates, in a classical Hele-Shaw geometry. Furthermore, let the system be immersed in a uniform external magnetic field (normal to the plates) and let electrical current be driven between conducting probes immersed in the fluid layer. In the present paper, we analyse the ensuing fluid flow at low Hartmann numbers. Physically, the system is particularly interesting because it allows for circulation in the flow, which is not possible in the standard pressure-driven Hele-Shaw cell. We first elucidate the mechanism of flow generation both physically and mathematically. After formulating the problem using complex variables, we present mathematical solutions for a class of canonical multiply connected geometries in terms of the prime function framework developed by Crowdy (Solving Problems in Multiply Connected Domains, SIAM, 2020). We then demonstrate how recently developed fast numerical methods may be applied to accurately determine the flow field in arbitrary geometries.

This introduction develops a theoretical framework for understanding authoritarian backsliding against the backdrop of existing historical and European socio-legal scholarship. It introduces a number of key distinctions to better understand socio-legal variance among autocratisation. Specifically, it highlights the distinction between authoritarian backsliding and complete breakdown of judicial independence and human rights

Authoritarian backsliding is an aggravated form of rule of law decay, where functioning of key rule of law institutions comes under direct threat and it is mostly observable in the contemporary Central and Eastern European context. This differs from historical instances of authoritarian turn referring to the complete breakdown of judicial independence and human rights, characterised by the politicisation of courts as a mainly historical phenomenon. The differentiation and their socio-legal implications is crucial for developing a roadmap to identify different forms of autocratisation and their different contexts (actors, institutional and political context) that need to be considered when addressing rule of law decay in Europe, both at the national and supranational levels. Ultimately, this general overview also offers the possibility to identify and address latent discontinuities in rule of law development at both the supranational and national levels. Identification of such latent discontinuities is of importance when assessing the risks involved in the introduction of emergency measures to combat perceived threats to the state and the society.

Bluff-body wakes generally become three-dimensional (3-D) and then turbulent when the Reynolds number exceeds a few hundred. Other than an alternate shedding of the spanwise vortices behind the body and a gradual decay and annihilation of the vortices with distance downstream, whether a secondary vortex street would develop in the relatively far wake has been a long-standing argument in the literature. This argument is addressed in the present study. Specifically, direct numerical simulations and transient growth analysis are performed to examine the two-dimensional and 3-D wakes of different bluff bodies, including circular cylinder, square cylinder, diamond cylinder and rectangular cylinders with different cross-sectional aspect ratios. We found that a secondary vortex street is absent for most 3-D and turbulent wakes. The root cause is the weakening of spanwise vortices by 3-D wake instability modes and streamwise circulation/vorticity. The weakened spanwise vortices induce reduced mean shear in the intermediate wake, which then induces much smaller perturbation energy growth that is below the threshold for the emergence of a secondary vortex street. This finding suggests that the 3-D and turbulence characteristics, and the momentum, mass and heat transport in the relatively far wake of bluff bodies, would not be influenced by extra anisotropy or inhomogeneity caused by a secondary vortex street.

Diffuse interface models are an important class of models used to describe multi-phase flows. In the case of incompressible viscous fluids there are a number of different diffuse interface models which have been known for many years. Nevertheless, a model based on mixture theory with a full set of conservation laws for the conservation of linear momentum of each constituent was not yet available. This gap was filled by ten Eikelder et al. (J. Fluid Mech., in press) recently and a first comparison with known models of Navier–Stokes/Cahn–Hilliard type is given. A detailed understanding of the relations between these models remains an important question.

Liquid metal buoyant flow around two differentially heated horizontal cylinders in the presence of a uniform vertical magnetic field is investigated experimentally. While magneto-convection in pipes or ducts has been studied theoretically and experimentally in recent years, data for heat transfer at immersed obstacles are rare and, to our knowledge, detailed experimental investigations on this fundamental magnetohydrodynamic problem do not exist. In the present work, two horizontal cylinders inserted into an adiabatic rectangular cavity filled with gallium–indium–tin are kept at constant temperatures to establish a driving temperature gradient in the surrounding liquid metal. The buoyancy-driven flow, quantified by the Grashof number $Gr$, is varied in the range ${10^{6} \leq Gr \leq ~5\times 10^{7}}$. With increasing magnetic field, expressed via the Hartmann number $Ha$, different flow regimes are identified from measurements for $0 \leq Ha \leq ~3000$. The effect of the electromagnetic force primarily consists in suppressing turbulence and damping the convective flow. The heat transfer is quantified in terms of the non-dimensional Nusselt number $Nu$, and its dependence on $Gr/{Ha}^{2}$, which is identified as the important group governing the flow, is discussed.

Critiques of international economic law have attacked the tendency of transnational legal processes, including investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), to undermine states' sovereignty. In response to these criticisms, many states have limited the power of investment tribunals by reasserting their sovereignty. There are reasons, however, to be critical of endorsing sovereignty, particularly in the context of global distributive inequalities. This is because assertions of sovereignty are normatively ambivalent in their effects: they can be used to entrench and naturalize the unequal assets held by each state, rather than to empower states to exercise their right to regulate. These potential tensions can be resolved if sovereignty is understood as a term that is used in many different ways. Critics of ISDS often conflate two distinct meanings of sovereignty: sovereignty understood as the right to be free from external influence, and sovereignty understood as states' right to regulate. Because states are constrained by differences in resources and capacity, withdrawing from ISDS cannot always secure the conditions for effective domestic regulation. Sovereignty understood as the right to be free from interference may even stand in the way of states' ability to regulate, by allowing states to gatekeep resources that were accumulated through historical injustice

In this essay I read debates about amenities of water and waste in the British Caribbean in the late and immediate post-Victorian period through histories of intimacy and kinship centered in fiction by Caribbean writers of the last twenty years. In these novels and short stories, collecting water at a stream or a standpipe or emptying a chamber pot are actions that produce or recall moments of desire and aspiration, shame and punishment, in storylines that move between a past of enslavement and indentureship in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and a present of political and psychological stasis or upheaval in the 1950s, 1970s, or the early twenty-first century. Nineteenth-century discussions about fire hydrants or standpipes index a British Caribbean colony's evolving landscape of modernization and the disagreements about what shape and speed this process should take, and recent fiction allows us to discern how these amenities inherit and bequeath associations of trauma.