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Chapter 5 focuses on the history of language policy and the treatment of Indigenous languages. In addition to refocusing Christianisation on to everyday practice, the reformers of the early seventeenth century laid to rest a long-running dispute among missionaries and administrators concerning the role that Indigenous languages should play in religious instruction. This dispute arose from efforts by the Spanish crown in the sixteenth century to impose a universal solution to the challenges of linguistic heterogeneity: First by suppressing Indigenous languages and teaching Castilian, and later by focusing on the ‘general language’ of each region. Both imperial policies not only failed to overcome the issue of linguistic heterogeneity in the New Kingdom, but were in fact radically transformed and appropriated by local authorities for their own purposes through the use of legal fictions and the selective conveyance of information across the Atlantic. The chapter examines these debates, manoeuvres, and the controversies they produced, before exploring how the seventeenth-century reformers were able to negotiate these divisions and establish a consensus around Indigenous language instruction.
As the EU seeks to continue reaping the benefits of multilateral trade and to restore and reform the WTO dispute settlement mechanism, Chapter 4 focuses on the EU-led alternative created for the appellate stage: the Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA), which ensures that its parties can continue using the two-stage WTO dispute settlement mechanism without panel reports being sent into the void by regular appeals. The chapter introduces the pertinent WTO rules and the MPIA and assesses the arrangement’s compliance with the former. To ensure that the MPIA can indeed live up to EU’s ambition to ensure assertive enforcement of multilateral trade rights, it evaluates whether the MPIA is likely to provide security, predictability, and high-quality rewards while also helping to unlock the WTO dispute settlement crisis. Then, the chapter assesses whether the MPIA could be blocked by an unwilling party, thereby jeopardizing the operation of the MPIA. Finally, to be able to weigh in on the ability of the MPIA to contribute to solving the crisis or rather to undermine the WTO multilateral system, it considers the MPIA’s broader geopolitical implications.
Edited by
Daniel Benoliel, University of Haifa, Israel,Peter K. Yu, Texas A & M University School of Law,Francis Gurry, World Intellectual Property Organization,Keun Lee, Seoul National University
The Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has threatened to impede access to genetic resources and related data for cross-border scientific research. In principle, every use of genetic resources would require a set of contracts under the CBD, in a “bilateral” regime. The related transaction costs could overwhelm many transnational research undertakings, affecting even public health responses to outbreaks and epidemics. However, the Nagoya Protocol also offers a unique opportunity to resolve this dilemma, despite struggles to define the meaning and coverage of “digital sequence information.” The coverage of genetic sequence data under the CBD remains controversial mainly because users do not know what the potential consequences of such coverage might ultimately entail. This chapter’s objective is to outline a type of coverage devised specifically for pathogens that would promote science, public health, and commercial applications while also protecting the interests of provider countries, supporting innovation, and addressing inequalities. The authors envision an agreed waiver for pathogen sequence data used for upstream scientific research purposes under the Nagoya Protocol, without compromising the duty of users to share benefits. This waiver should help alleviate the problems of definition and subject-matter coverage that have stymied multilateral action.
Chapter 7 examines changes in religious ideas about the soul and the afterlife among the aristocracy, elites, and non-elites. By reintegrating craft goods back into their tomb context, this chapter evaluates how, on the one hand, properly mourning the dead came to define a new moral vanguard, and on the other, also led to the creative manipulation of class boundaries through individual conspicuous displays of mourning.
Beginning with the problem of historical distance, the introduction charts a path from notes on the page to potent sound experiences, taking as a representative example the modern performance of a mass by Johannes Okeghem. In addition to defining counterpoint and explaining the term’s relevance to this study, the introduction sets up some of the book’s main questions while laying out a ground plan for what follows.
This chapter examines the emergence of constitutional law in South America, showing how military politics in the Spanish and Portuguese empires had enduring impact on the formation of citizenship regimes in this region. It focuses on Brazil and Colombia as two divergent but also overlapping models of militarized constitutionalism. It assesses how both states acquired military and semi-imperialist features as their independence was consolidated. It also discusses how national processes of integration and citizenship formation were conducted by armies, such that, in Brazil in particular, the army was an early trier of democratic institution building.
James Dolbow, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center,Joshua Edmondson, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center,Neel Fotedar, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center
The ventricular system represents a network of cavities within the brain. The ventricles contain cerebrospinal fluid, which was previously named liquor cotunnii, after the famous eighteenth-century Italian physician and anatomist Domenico Cotugno. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexus.
James Dolbow, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center,Joshua Edmondson, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center,Neel Fotedar, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center
Arachnoid Villi/Arachnoid Granulations, aka Pacchionian granulations, are herniations of the arachnoid membrane that project through the dura mater, getting their name villi from the Latin word villus meaning “shaggy hair.”
We characterised language samples collected remotely from typically developing three-year-olds by comparing them against independent language samples collected in person from age-matched peers with and without language delays. Forty-eight typically developing, English-learning three-year-olds were administered a picture description task via Zoom. The in-person comparison groups were two sets of independent language samples from age-matched typically developing as well as language-delayed children available on the Child Language Data Exchange System. The findings show that although language samples collected remotely from three-year-olds yield numerically dissimilar lexical and grammatical measures compared to samples collected in person, they still consistently distinguish toddlers with and without language delays.
Chapter 3 covers national criminal law on terrorism worldwide. A total of 188 States (of the total of 197 recognized by the Secretary-General of the United Nations in his capacity as treaty depositary) have domestic legislation in place specifically criminalizing acts of terrorism. Despite certain commonalities, the definitions of these crimes are unique to each individual State. At the time of writing, only one State, Micronesia, had no dedicated legislative provisions on terrorism of any form in its domestic law. A further seven States – the Republic of Congo, Dominica, Eritrea, Kuwait, Sierra Leone, Suriname, and Yemen – repress the financing of terrorism with criminal sanction but do not also establish the perpetration of an act of terrorism as a distinct criminal offence.
This chapter and the next probe genres and subgenres whose formal schemes, whether fully codified or not, afford powerful energetic templates. Chapter 9 focuses on the polyphonic mass, laying out some of the genre’s conventions while wrestling with recent discourses about the idea of musical unity in five-movement mass cycles. A concluding section explores the limitations of a holistic, genre-based approach through the example of the five-voice tenor motet.
The advent of integrative taxonomy in plankton research, employing molecular and morphology-based identification, promotes the discovery of new biodiversity records, especially of larval stages. The slipper lobster family Scyllaridae consists of planktonic phyllosoma larvae, persisting weeks to many months in the water column. High interspecific larval similarities and inconsistent delineation of stages have hindered the identification of scyllarid phyllosomata to the species level using morphological characteristics. Here we report the first record of the pygmy slipper lobster, Biarctus sordidus, in the Red Sea following the finding of its phyllosoma larva, extending its known distribution from the Persian Gulf to Australia and southern China. We identified the phyllosoma collected from the Northern Gulf of Aqaba as B. sordidus using the mitochondrial 16S and 18S rRNA genes, and described its morphology to determine the larval stage. We further discuss the potential factors contributing to the delayed detection of this species.
Indian Economics’ short-term development plan aimed to harness progress in the two main sectors of the economy – industry and agriculture. The peasants, factory workers and merchants needed specific policies to aid them in growing their crops, manufacturing their products and selling their goods, respectively. India needed agricultural production of raw materials, industrial production using raw materials, and distribution of the finished manufactured products. Indian Economics prescribed a balanced growth strategy, seen later in India’s post-independence five-year plans, the first of which was implemented by Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964) from 1951 to 1956.
James Dolbow, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center,Joshua Edmondson, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center,Neel Fotedar, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center
First described by and named after the German pediatrician Johann Otto Leonhard Heubner in 1872, the medial striate artery or recurrent artery of Heubner is a branch of the anterior cerebral artery, most often originating near the division of the anterior communicating artery. Though very small in diameter (~0.8 mm), it supplies blood to multiple structures including the head of the caudate (“tail”), medial portion of the globus pallidus, anterior limb of the internal capsule, nucleus accumbens, and the basal nucleus of Meynert. While classically assumed to be a single vessel, up to 75% of patients have multiple (up to four) arteries of Heubner branching off the same anterior cerebral artery.
Legal design is a rapidly growing field that seeks to improve the legal system's accessibility, usability, and effectiveness through human-centered design methods and principles. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to legal design, covering fundamental concepts, definitions, and theories. Chapters explore the role of legal design in promoting dignity, equity, and justice in the legal system. Contributors present a range of community-driven projects and method-focused case studies that demonstrate the potential of legal design to transform how people experience the law. This book is an essential resource for anyone interested in the future of law and the intersection of design and justice.
What makes a good research topic? Clearly, you need a topic in the sweet spot for research, where you can easily find studies and even books on it, without the topic being so common or popular that your readers will experience profound déjà vu with the first paragraph. Yet some other factors determine which research will lodge stubbornly in our memories. In fact, some research can excite professors who believe they’ve seen everything and even draw the attention of news media. These factors include the usual suspects that distinguish stories in the news from the stories destined to languish in obscurity: currency, relevance, and novelty. But the last item, novelty, is the one that shapes our recall more powerfully than any of the other nine features of newsworthiness. In fact, when you harness novelty to uncertainty, you elicit the greatest interest and most intense recall. If you wonder how to pull off this trick of combining novelty and uncertainty, the answer is both simple and surprisingly common, if you know what to look for. Harness the power of paradox – a statement with a conclusion the opposite of what the audience expects – and you make research into something both memorable and attention-grabbing. Moreover, once you know how paradox works, you’ll spot it at work in virtually every news story that crosses over from the dry realms of research and into mainstream news media and national conversations.