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9 results

  • 8 - Is Language Aptitude Immune to Experience?

  • from Part II - Aptitude Testing of Diverse Groups
  • Edited by Zhisheng (Edward) Wen, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Peter Skehan, Institute of Education, University of London, Richard L. Sparks, Mount St Joseph University
  • Book:
    Language Aptitude Theory and Practice
    Published online:
    27 May 2023
    Print publication:
    27 April 2023, pp 176-207

  • Summary

    In this contribution, we explore the question of whether there is reason to maintain the traditional view of language aptitude as a relatively fixed trait that is resistant to experience, or if it should instead be seen as a rather flexible and acquirable skill. Both bilingualism and visual loss have been reported to have enhancing effects on language-related as well as non-linguistic cognition, but few studies have focused on their effects on language aptitude specifically, especially in the case of blindness. In a study of 80 blind and sighted L1 and L2 speakers of Swedish, we compare the relative experiential effects on the phonological aptitude of (1) having learned an L2 and having been a long-term functional and fluent bilingual in adulthood with (2) having lived with total visual deprivation for a significant period of life. The chapter closes with a discussion on what it would mean for current views on the role of age of L2 acquisition and critical period(s) if the above-average language aptitude hitherto robustly associated with adult near-native L2 learning should turn out to be nothing but an effect of L2 learning itself.

  • Chapter 1.2 - Chapter

  • from 1 - Inflammatory Conditions
  • Edited by Derya Uluduz, Istanbul Üniversitesi
  • Anita Arsovska
  • Book:
    Rare Causes of Stroke
    Published online:
    06 October 2022
    Print publication:
    01 September 2022, pp 50-53

  • Summary

    Vogt Koyanagi Harada (VKH) disease is an idiopathic autoimmune disease primarily manifesting as bilateral, chronic, and diffuse granulomatous panuveitis associated with auditory, neurological, and integumentary findings. Clinical suspicious of VKH is female dominance, flu-like symptoms with meningismus preceding acute blurring of vision, ocular disease, recurrent aseptic meningitis with or without focal neurologic findings, sunset glow fundus. Patients has four clinical stages; prodromal or early stage, uveitic stage, convalescent stage which is characterized by depigmentation of the choroid, hair and skin, and chronic stage usually occurs in the first six months. The emergency or primary care physician may be the point of first contact with a patient with VKH disease. The key components of managing this disease are awareness of symptoms that lead to early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach. For patients with severe visual loss and bilateral serous retinal detachments, systemic prednisolone at 1-2mg/kg/day is started

  • Central serous retinopathy: an unusual cause of acute visual loss

  • Jennifer L. Chu, Jeffrey Tyberg
  • Journal:
    Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine / Volume 15 / Issue 5 / September 2013
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    04 March 2015, pp. 311-313
    Print publication:
    September 2013
    • Article
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  • Ophthalmologic complaints represent approximately 2% of emergency department (ED) visits. Acute vision loss is the most serious of such presentations and requires prompt assessment for a treatable cause. The differential diagnosis for acute vision loss includes retinal detachment, macular disorders, vaso-occlusive disorders, temporal arteritis, neuro-ophthalmologic disorders, and functional disorders. We report the case of a previously healthy 33-year-old man who presented to the ED with acute bilateral vision loss that was ultimately diagnosed as central serous retinopathy (CSR), an idiopathic, self-limited condition that typically affects males age 20 to 50 years. This condition is not mentioned in standard emergency medicine textbooks or the emergency medicine literature, and our hope is that our report will serve to illustrate a typical case of CSR and help prompt emergency physicians to consider this diagnosis in the appropriate circumstances.

  • Chapter 15 - Aphasia and stroke

  • from Section 1 - Clinical manifestations
  • Edited by Louis R. Caplan, Jan van Gijn
  • Book:
    Stroke Syndromes, 3ed
    Published online:
    05 August 2012
    Print publication:
    12 July 2012, pp 184-194

  • Summary

    Transient monocular visual loss is the most important visual symptom of arteriosclerotic vascular disease, arteritis and states of altered coagulability, and thrombocytosis. In most patients, the visual abnormality during each individual attack of visual loss is stereotypic. Visual loss occurrence is divided into four types. Type I is due to transient retinal ischemia, type II to retinal vascular insufficiency, and type III to vasospasm. Type IV occurs in association with antiphospholipid antibodies but includes cases of unknown etiology. Sudden monocular blindness is the major symptom of an ocular stroke causing permanent visual loss. The ocular strokes discussed are: central retinal artery (CRA) occlusion, ophthalmic artery (OA) occlusion, branch retinal artery (BRA) occlusion, and ischemic optic neuropathy (ION), which is the result of infarction of the optic nerve. Blindness can result from infarction of the retina or the optic nerve.

  • Chapter 10 - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other disorders of the lower motor neuron

  • Nicholas Wood
  • Book:
    Neurogenetics
    Published online:
    05 May 2012
    Print publication:
    12 April 2012, pp 136-147

  • Summary

    This chapter reviews the major advances in autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant ataxias, discusses the use of genetic tests in these disorders, and summarizes some current ideas regarding pathogenesis. It also presents a list of the autosomal recessive ataxias that have been genotypically characterized to date. Mutations in ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency (AVED) are scattered throughout the gene and some of them may be associated with a mild phenotype, late onset, retinitis pigmentosa, and retained reflexes. A syndrome of ataxia associated with optic atrophy, visual loss, and cochlear degeneration has been mapped to chromosome. The spinocerebellar ataxia (SCAs) exhibits many phenotypic similarities so that it is almost impossible to diagnose the genotype from the phenotype alone. Many persons from families with ataxia will request predictive testing and occasionally prenatal testing. Disease-modifying therapies are under investigation and include antioxidants and drugs that may modify excitotoxicity or apoptosis.

  • 25 - Interferon beta to treat multiple sclerosis

  • from Section III - Clinical trials of multiple sclerosis therapies
  • Edited by Jeffrey A. Cohen, Richard A. Rudick
  • Book:
    Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics
    Published online:
    05 December 2011
    Print publication:
    20 October 2011, pp 300-314

  • Summary

    The emergence of optical coherence tomography (OCT) technologies has allowed measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular thickness that complement the history and clinical examination in distinguishing forms of acute optic neuropathy and retinal disease. High-resolution Fourier domain OCT has allowed for rapid imaging of the retina as well as three-dimensional imaging and improved volumetric measurements. Ongoing studies of OCT in clinical trials and research examine patterns of axonal degeneration and visual loss over time, and establish the role for OCT and other ocular imaging modalities as structural markers. With the emergence of a variety of OCT techniques, including Fourier Domain OCT, future studies will also help establish the protocols for data analysis to provide meaningful information about changes in structure from baseline. OCT is likely to play an increasing role in multiple sclerosis (MS) trials for measuring both axonal integrity and neuronal preservation.

  • Wegener's granulomatosis of the orbit: two cases requiring endoscopic surgical decompression

  • J M Fishman, A Slovick, C A East
  • Journal:
    The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 122 / Issue 11 / November 2008
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    09 April 2008, pp. 1257-1259
    Print publication:
    November 2008
  • Objectives:

    We report two unusual and contrasting cases of Wegener's granulomatosis involving the orbit, requiring urgent endoscopic orbital decompression surgery.

    Case series:

    Both patients presented with an acute deterioration in visual function which failed to improve with medical management. Case one presented with systemic features of the condition, in contrast with case two, who presented with a more localised form of the disease. Whereas case one exhibited primary orbital disease with maxillary sinus extension (i.e. focal disease), case two illustrates orbital involvement secondary to sinus disease extension (i.e. contiguous disease). Prompt diagnosis, assisted by the presence of systemic features, led to a good visual outcome in case one. In case two, in which diagnosis was difficult and surgery delayed, the outcome was poor.

    Conclusions:

    These cases of orbital Wegener's granulomatosis illustrate the diagnostic challenge, the requirement for early intervention following acute visual deterioration and the importance of heightened awareness of the rarer ENT manifestations of this disease.

  • 18 - Neuro-Ophthalmological Emergencies

  • from SECTION III - SPECIFIC NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
    • By Dennis Hanlon, Department of Emergency Medicine Allegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Eric R. Eggenberger, Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan
  • Edited by Sid M. Shah, Michigan State University, Kevin M. Kelly, Drexel University, Philadelphia
  • Book:
    Principles and Practice of Emergency Neurology
    Published online:
    06 August 2009
    Print publication:
    18 February 2003, pp 197-209

  • Summary

    Diplopia, visual loss, and pupillary asymmetry are important presentations of neuroophthalmologic emergencies. When evaluating a patient with diplopia, the most important initial step is to determine whether the diplopia is monocular or binocular. Binocular diplopia resolves when either eye is covered. Monocular diplopia usually results from ophthalmologic causes or refractive errors. Binocular diplopia results from ocular misalignment. Diplopia is most pronounced when looking in the direction of the limited extraocular movement regardless of cause. Neuro-ophthalmologic visual loss is divided into prechiasmal, chiasmal, or postchiasmal etiologies. Monocular visual loss indicates a lesion anterior to the chiasm. Pupils are evaluated for reactivity and size in light and dark environments. Anisocoria is defined as unequal pupil size. A significant percent (approximately 20%) of the population has minimal anisocoria without pathology, termed physiological or simple anisocoria. Only physiological anisocoria or Horner's syndrome produce anisocoria with normally reactive pupils.

  • 19 - Multiple Sclerosis

  • from SECTION III - SPECIFIC NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
    • By Thomas F. Scott, Department of Neurology Allegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
  • Edited by Sid M. Shah, Michigan State University, Kevin M. Kelly, Drexel University, Philadelphia
  • Book:
    Principles and Practice of Emergency Neurology
    Published online:
    06 August 2009
    Print publication:
    18 February 2003, pp 210-217

  • Summary

    The primary pathological event in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion development is an immune-mediated destruction of the neuronal myelin sheath. The inflammatory lesions of MS can affect any part of the central nervous system and optic nerves, resulting in a wide variety of presenting symptoms. The first symptoms of MS are commonly weakness, paresthesias, visual loss, incoordination, vertigo, and sphincter impairment. Focused testing of cranial nerve function, strength, coordination, gait, and sensation, and an evaluation for pathological reflexes are important. The onset of MS is heralded by a bout of optic neuritis in about 20% of patients with MS, and more than 50% of patients with optic neuritis eventually develop the disease. Neuroimaging assists in differentiating MS from mass lesions, infections, or strokes. Patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) who experience an acute exacerbation of their illness present with either recurrence or worsening of old symptoms, or entirely new neurological symptoms.