This chapter explores the notion of diachronic toponymy, which is the discipline that deals with the reconstruction of a place name in the context of undocumented languages/language families and in the absence of historical records. In many communities that do not have a writing system, oral stories and traditions become important sources of toponymic data, as place names are passed down orally, from one generation to another. Additionally, oral stories also commemorate the land and its namers, and are an ‘oral record’ of the physical territory and the changes made to it by human inhabitation. The chapter presents a step-by-step guide for studying place names according to a diachronic toponymy approach – one that also incorporates methods from anthropological linguistics, language documentation, and field linguistics. This is applied to a toponymic system in the Abui community on Alor Island, southeast Indonesia. The authors also demonstrate how historical semantics can complement the toponymic analysis by applying its criteria to a toponymic system which includes several Abui toponyms that show a semantic specialisation of the Abui term for ‘village’.

This chapter introduces the notions of toponymy and toponomastics (the study of toponyms, or place names), as well as the fundamentals in the field of toponymy, such as its sub-disciplines, e.g., hydronymy, oronymy, odonymy, and urbanonymy, and essential terminology, e.g., toponymic structures (or the generic and specific elements of a toponym), and toponymic system (i.e., a set of place names that belong to a specific area and share the same etymological stem and related meaning and/or the same naming process). The chapter briefly explores the notions associated with toponymic investigations. Among others, it introduces approaches such as the micro-/macro-, intensive/extensive, semasiological/onomasiological analytical strategies, and the concepts of endonym/exonym. Attempts by scholars to produce taxonomies of place names according to toponymic classification systems are briefly discussed. The chapter ends with a call to view toponyms as ‘linguistic fossils’, as they are generally stable lexical items preserved over centuries, containing valuable sociocultural and linguistic information that enables us to study the past.