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2 results

  • Understanding the delivery technology used in ADHD stimulant medications can help to individualize treatment

  • Andrew J. Cutler, Jacob Hanaie
  • Journal:
    CNS Spectrums / Volume 30 / Issue 1 / 2025
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    13 February 2025, e30
    • Article
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  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heterogeneous disorder for which treatment personalization is essential. Stimulant medications are the first-line option for ADHD management due to their high efficacy. While the choice of stimulant is limited to methylphenidate or amphetamine, there are numerous formulation options each associated with different potential benefits and restrictions. The goal is to deliver a stimulant medication that provides an even, continuous control of symptoms tailored to the patient’s symptoms and lifestyle. This article reviews the technologies used to deliver stimulants and the impact their characteristics have on the pharmacokinetic profiles, dosing regimens, and flexibility of the medication. The aim was to help clinicians in their treatment decision-making process and provide patients with effective and individualized management of their ADHD symptoms.

  • Chapter 16 - Sustaining neurobehavioral performance on less sleep: is SWS enhancement the key?

  • from Section 3 - Alternatives for Sustaining Cognitive Performance During Sleep Loss
  • Edited by Nancy J. Wesensten
  • Book:
    Sleep Deprivation, Stimulant Medications, and Cognition
    Published online:
    05 September 2012
    Print publication:
    23 August 2012, pp 223-236

  • Summary

    This chapter reviews the relative abuse liability of the various stimulant medications used to treat impairments associated with chronic sleep deprivation and how the drugs' potential for abuse impacts their medical usefulness. The abuse liability of a drug is an important consideration during the drug development process, when estimating risk: benefit ratios for approving drugs, and ultimately in the prescription and utilization of a drug by physicians and patients. The physicochemical properties of a drug determine how it may be administered and its pharmacokinetic profile. The mesolimbic dopamine system has been identified as a key pathway involved in mediating the properties of drugs that are responsible for their addictive nature. The behavioral effects of drugs evaluated in abuse liability studies include reinforcing effects and discriminative stimulus effects. Amphetamine is readily self-administered and discriminated by animals, and often used as a positive control drug in studies of abuse liability.