The West Berkeley shellmound, the oldest well-dated archaeological site in the San Francisco Bay region, contains shell and charcoal ranging in age from ca. 1200 to 5700 cal yr B.P. Radiocarbon ages of marine shell and charcoal collected from fifteen stratigraphic levels in the West Berkeley shellmound suggest changes in the 14C content of San Francisco Bay surface waters relative to the atmosphere (the oceanic reservoir age) over the past 5000 yr. The reservoir age of San Francisco Bay waters fluctuated between 870 and −170 14C yr over the past 5000 yr, with the lowest values occurring 2900 to 3800 cal yr B.P. and the highest values between 1200 and 2000 cal yr B.P. Changes in the radiocarbon reservoir age may be due to changes in the strength of seasonal wind-driven upwelling off coastal California, where upwelling brings 14C-depleted waters to the surface. The period of lowest ΔR values (at 3500 to 3900 cal yr B.P.) is coincident with relatively low salinity in San Francisco Bay (indicating high freshwater inflow) and wet climate in California based on lake level records. The period of high ΔR values (1200–2000 cal yr B.P.) is coincident with one of the driest periods in California during the late Holocene. These data suggest a link between coastal upwelling and precipitation over central California. The age of the top of West Berkeley mound and several other mounds in the San Francisco Bay region (1100 to 1300 cal yr B.P.) coincides with a prolonged dry period in California and low river inflow to San Francisco Bay. Perhaps the sites were abandoned because of the drought.

Sambaqui is the name given to a certain type of archaeological evidence left by fisher/hunter/gatherer groups who inhabited large expanses of the Brazilian coast. The word is of Tupi etymology, tamba meaning shellfish and ki a piling-up (Prous 1991: 204). The Tupi were a horticultural/potter group who lived on the Brazilian coast at the time of the first European arrivals; they coined the term which describes the main characteristic of the sites — the accumulation of great quantities of mollusc shells (FIGURE 1) .