This chapter examines the international controversies surrounding Huawei Technologies, finding that most fears about this private firm are based on misunderstandings of its coevolution within the Chinese business and political environment, as well as unfounded suspicions about its employee ownership structure and alleged Chinese Communist Party control or military links. However, only further reform of the Chinese political ecosystem will help to reduce the international fear and sanctions on the firm.

Unitization agreements have several common components and principles that enable them to effectively govern collective resources. These agreements represent a governance system with several phases of development. Several key components work to separate the rights to extract from the right to a benefit, protecting private rights yet enabling collective governance. Private interests are protected as equity shares in the unitization agreement. A unit operator makes resource management decisions for the collectively held resource. As more information is gathered about resource conditions, private interests, represented as shares, are redetermined regularly to ensure accuracy and improve resource management over time. Thus, the methods of determining private shares in the unitization agreement are critical to the unit’s success.

In this chapter, we examine the law relating to corporate finance, focusing on share and debt finance. We examine the nature of share finance (including different types of shares), the different forms of debt finance (including debentures), and the nature of security interests. We consider share capital transactions including dividends, alterations and reduction of capital, share buy-backs and financial assistance transactions. This area of corporate law uses some specific terminology. We define these terms in the text; other sources, such as legal and business glossaries, may also assist.

Where a settlor creates a trust it will be enforceable once the requisite formalities are satisfied. A key feature of a trustis the separation of the legal and the beneficial title. The trustee holds the legal title and the beneficiaries hold the equitable interest. In order for the trust to be enforceable by the beneficiaries there must be no doubt that the property has been validly passed to the trustee or that the settlor has made a valid declaration of a trust. Anyone can create a trust of personalty unless he/she is shown to be mentally ill and unable to understand the nature of the gift and or in the case of land under under the age of eighteen. There are strict formalities where trust property comprises land the formalities are very specific and must conform with the Law of Property Act 1925 s.53. A distinction is drawn between trusts of land which must be evidenced in writing and trusts of equitable interests which must be in writing at the time of the disposition. There are some exceptions to this rule for instance there is no disposition if both the legal and equitable interest are transferred together. Emphasis is placed on the role of formalities. It is important to be able to locate the legal and equitable title in particular to prevent fraud.