The uplift ideology of French Muslim leaders directly impacts the ways in which they respond to stigmatization. In the wake of rising Islamophobia, leaders of the UOIF encourage their coreligionists to react politely to stigma, stressing the value of nonconfrontational responses. For them, the destigmatization of Islam is best achieved through strict policing of Muslims’ conduct and constant attention to self-discipline. This anti-racist repertoire is aligned with color-blind republicanism, in a society where the social reality of Islamophobia is regularly denied and which regards group-based claims-making with suspicion. Correspondingly, UOIF leaders tend to distance themselves from contentious means of action, such as legal action or direct protest, and chastise what they consider a victim mentality. Once again, their approach is primarily guided by pious considerations. Practicing the Prophetic model of patience and perseverance (ṣabr) is part of their effort to fashion pious subjectivities. However, this approach remains costly. Constant self-regulation exacts a psychological toll on individuals while the promotion of behavioral exemplariness tends to obscure power structures, teaching worshippers to police their behavior rather than question postcolonial hierarchies.

In the mirror literature, power and sovereignty are identified with the king’s person. The king’s conduct established a model, which his subjects would follow; consequently, the ruler’s actions and behaviour determined the nature of the polity. The king’s cultivation of virtue is, in consequence, a pragmatic as well as a moral imperative. The mirror-writers insist on the importance of the king’s self-discipline as a prerequisite for his governing other people; if he is unable to govern himself, he will be incapable of governing anyone else. The three extracts in this section describe the virtuous and effective king. From different perspectives, they treat some of the ethical and philosophical problems of human nature; in particular, they discuss how to strengthen, acquire and practise virtues and how to overcome and eradicate vices. The texts in this section are drawn from Yūsuf Khāṣṣ Ḥājib, Kutadgu bilig; al-Māwardī, Tashīl al-naẓar wa-taʿjīl al-ẓafar; and Kaykāʾūs, Qābūsnāmeh.

After Wittgenstein, the most immediately visible – though by no means the only – philosopher addressed in Wallace’s work is the neopragmatist Richard Rorty, whose book Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature provided the title for one of Wallace’s later stories, a narrative concerned with the nature and revelation of truth. Indeed, the pragmatic concept that truth is a matter of vocabulary became one of the central pillars of Wallace’s own philosophy, as critics, including Hayes-Brady and Tracey, have shown. This chapter offers some context for reading the pragmatic strain that animates especially Wallace’s later works, including treatment of the liberal ironist and the question of the constituted other. Opening with an introduction to the history of the American pragmatic tradition, we move on to consider its direct and implicit presences in Wallace’s work, concluding with the proposal of a pragmatic model for reading Wallace’s writing in both thematic and structural frames.