The neurobehavioral approach attempts to identify the central nervous system (CNS) substrates of a variety of psychiatric/behavioral disorders. This chapter summarizes three complementary sets of data that help elucidate the nature of neurobehavioral impairments in schizophrenia. The first set of data comes from studies that retrospectively characterize the development and course of neurobehavioral impairments in schizophrenic children. These studies reveal that there are certain neurobehavioral impairments in these children prior to the onset of psychotic symptoms. The second set of data comes from a series of cross-sectional studies examining cognitive/neuropsychological functioning using behavioral and psychophysiological methods. Thirdly, the chapter summarizes studies designed to identify aspects of brain structure and function underlying the neurobehavioral impairments found in schizophrenic children. Finally, the chapter attempts to integrate cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the nature and evolution of neuro-behavioral impairments in schizophrenic children within a neuro-developmental framework.