The crustose lichen biota of coastal rocks in South Brazil was investigated. Several distinct lichen zones were found: a littoral black zone, a supralittoral yellow zone and a grey zone with species restricted to either exposed granite, dry overhangs, damp overhangs or places subjected to run-off. Dendrographa austrosorediata is newly described, with a crustose, flat to partly curling up or blister-like thallus which is much dissected, whitish grey, 0·1–0·2 mm thick; surface minutely densely cracked, rimose, with cracks intersecting at each c. 0·1 mm; soredia whitish to bluish grey but asymmetrically blackened in the direction facing the light, originating on the thallus surface, in initially discrete convex soralia. The phylogenetic position of this new species was traced by molecular methods. Stigmidium marinum, generally regarded as a lichenicolous fungus, was found as a free-living lichen, thousands of kilometres away from the nearest known occurrence of any purported host.

Gneiss inselbergs in the Caatinga region of Ceará in equatorial Brazil are literally covered with a wide diversity of caloplacoid lichens. This includes two closely related new saxicolous species of Caloplaca, both with the aspect of a Lecanora of the subfusca-aggregate: C. lecanorocarpa has a grey areolate bullate thallus with atranorin on a black prothallus, grey thalline apothecium margin, sessile apothecia with glossy dark brown disc, and ascospores of 10–12×5·0–5·5 μm, with a 5·0–5·5 μm thick septum; and the similar, related C. lecapustulata which mainly differs by the rimose thallus with irregular mushroom-shaped pustules. The phylogenetic position of the two new species has been assessed to be within the Caloplacoideae. A key to all tropical lecanoroid Caloplaca species is provided.

Fellhanera crucitignorum, a blastidiate crustose lichen with anthraquinones and submuriform ascospores, is described as new to science. The species is associated with exposures of non-calcareous sandstones in Kansas and Oklahoma, in the southern portion of North America's Great Plains. The authraquinones are typically concentrated in the blastidia, creating a distinctive grey thallus with localized orange granules.

The species of the genus Immersaria in Iran are reviewed. Immersaria iranica is described as a new species in the Lecideaceae, characterized by pycnoconidia opening by stellate, winding cracks and 2′-O-methylsuperphyllinic acid as major secondary metabolite. The characters separating it from other taxa of the Lecideaceae are discussed. Immersaria athroocarpa and I. cupreoatra are new records for Iran. An identification key and a table with diagnostic characters of the species hitherto known from Iran are provided.

A new species, Lecania belgica, is described and illustrated. It is a saxicolous lichen known only from the type locality in Belgium. It is characterized by apothecia with pruinose, irregularly undulating discs, relatively short ascospores, and by having 12–16 spores in the asci. It was found on mortar together with Diplotomma alboatrum.

Caloplaca fuscorufa H. Magn. is a poorly known species that for a long time was known only from a single locality in Jämtland, northern Sweden, where it was collected in 1910. It has been suggested to be synonymous with C. crenularia (With.) J. R. Laundon, but has also been confused with C. exsecuta (Nyl.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. We have compared the isotype of C. fuscorufa and material collected in Sweden, Norway and Svalbard, with presumably related species, using morphology, anatomy and chemistry as well as molecular data. The results show that C. fuscorufa is a distinct species, differing from C. crenularia mainly in its somewhat larger spores with wider septa, different colour of the apothecia and a more northern distribution. It differs from C. exsecuta mainly in its chemistry and smaller spores with smaller septa. Caloplaca crenularia is shown to have a more southern distribution in Sweden than previously understood. Chemical data and a molecular analysis based on ITS data show that C. fuscorufa is related to C. crenularia and C. ammiospila, but clearly separated from these species.

The first sorediate species in the genus Llimonaea, L. sorediata is described from coastal areas of western Europe. This new species is easily mistaken for Dirina massiliensis f. sorediata with which it often co-occurs. It grows on vertical or overhanging acidic cliffs. Fertile specimens were recently collected in Portugal. A description of the species together with notes on distribution, ecology and chemistry are provided and a key to the species of Llimonaea is also provided.