This chapter attempts to describe how psychosocial factors influence both cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. First, psychosocial factors may affect health-related behaviours such as smoking, diet, alcohol consumption, or physical activity, which in turn may influence the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Second, psychosocial factors may cause direct acute or chronic pathophysiological changes, possibly by their effect on neuroendocrine or immune systems. Third, access to and content of medical care may be influenced by social factors. The chapter explores psychological consequences of disorders such as CHD and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It discusses the psychological aspects of the transplantation of major organs such as heart and lung transplantations. In a study of 76 patients who were undergoing heart, heart and lung, or lung transplantation, 39% were suffering from psychiatric disorder and 58% reported sexual dysfunction.