This chapter is structured into three main sections. Section 4.2 provides a brief overview of the legal framework on pharmaceutical patent law in Kenya. Section 4.3 deals with the key issue in this chapter, that is, the incorporation of a model of human rights into the adjudication of disputes involving pharmaceutical patent rights by courts in Kenya. Section 4.4 examines whether, in the light of Article 40(5) of the Kenyan Constitution which provides that the state ‘shall support, promote and protect the intellectual property rights of the people of Kenya’, intellectual property rights can be considered as a human right in Kenya. The chapter concludes with the view that it is essential for courts seeking to protect the right of poor patients to have access to affordable medicines to incorporate a model of human rights when they adjudicate disputes involving pharmaceutical patent rights.

This chapter is divided into three sections. Section 5.2 provides a brief overview of the legal framework on pharmaceutical patent law in South Africa, while Section 5.3 examines the jurisprudence on the right to health in South Africa. Section 5.4 deals with the incorporation of a model of human rights into the adjudication of disputes involving pharmaceutical patent rights by courts in South Africa. The chapter concludes with the view that the incorporation of a model of human rights does not necessarily translate to the abrogation of patent rights, it only means that the courts should not permit patent rights on pharmaceutical products to be exercised and enforced in a manner that impedes the enjoyment of the human right to health.