In addition to the type species, Binkhorstia ubaghsii, which is fairly common in the upper part of the Nekum Member (Maastricht Formation) in the wider vicinity of Maastricht (the Netherlands) and Binkhorstia euglypha, which appears to be restricted to the overlying Meerssen Member of the same formation (uppermost Maastrichtian), a third member, B. desaegheri nov. sp., is recorded from the upper middle Santonian of the Campine area in north-east Belgium. The history of Binkhorstia is convoluted, serving as a prime example of how attempts to unravel the higher-level taxonomic position of late Mesozoic crabs may prove difficult. Over time, the genus has been referred to various families or subfamilies, either podotreme or putative eubrachyuran; here the new family Binkhorstiidae is placed in the superfamily Retroplumoidea. Binkhorstiids appear to have been a relatively short-lived endemic group that fell victim to Cretaceous‒Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary perturbations.

Frigatebirds have been in taxonomic oblivion for nearly a century. A new genetic study by Martins et al. (2022) provides a stimulus and potential basis for a long-overdue modern review, which might lead to recognition of up to five new species-level taxa, two of which would be “Critically Endangered” globally and may already be effectively extinct. Even some of the more widespread frigatebird taxa are subject to multiple anthropogenic threats and, outside strictly protected and managed areas, may already be in serious decline. Seabird experts and organisations need urgently to review all available data relevant to frigatebird taxonomy and populations, collect additional material for genetic analysis, undertake new assessments of conservation status, and (in collaboration with appropriate regulatory authorities) propose and execute appropriate conservation and management actions.

Thirteen new genera and three new families of cheilostome Bryozoa are described from the New Zealand biogeographic region, centred on Zealandia, between 26.42° (northern Norfolk Ridge) and 54.02°S latitude (south-east Campbell Plateau) from coastal waters to bathyal depths (46‒1676 m). The new genera, comprising 15 new and one previously described Zealandian species, are: Elementella (Elementellidae n. fam.), Niwapora, Quasicallopora, Quitocallopora, Judyella (Calloporidae), Ellisantropora (Antroporidae), Rhizellisina (Ellisinidae), Radixenia (Calloporoidea incertae sedis), Granomurus (Granomuridae n. fam.), Carolanna (Bugulidae), Borioplebs (Borioplebidae n. fam.), Seabournea (Cribrilinidae) and Waeschenbachia (Romancheinidae). A new Recent species of the otherwise Eocene‒Miocene genus Vincularia is also described from deep water on the Three Kings Ridge. Two new combinations are created – Judyella precocialis (Gordon, 1984) and Ellisantropora aggregata (Gordon, 1984). Ellisantropora tilbrooki sp. nov. is also introduced for a species from Torres Strait. Four of the deep-sea genera (three from one station on the northern Norfolk Ridge, one from a station on the Three Kings Ridge) have species with plesiomorphies or distinctive skeletal characters that suggest they are relict. Almost half of the new species form spot-like colonies on hard substrata.

Two new genera and two new species of Procercopidae, Paranthoscytina xiai gen. et sp. nov., and Burmocercopis lingpogensis gen. et sp. nov., are described and illustrated based on two well-preserved specimens in mid-Cretaceous amber (c. 99 Ma) from northern Myanmar. Our discovery represents the first record of amber-entombed Procercopidae from the Mesozoic, widening the duration and biogeographic distribution of this extinct family. They also represent the latest record of Procercopidae, which fills the gap of Cercopoidea evolution during the mid-Cretaceous.

The Diptera fauna from the late Eocene of the Isle of Wight (Bembridge Marls) is studied including redescriptions of formerly described material. The fauna includes the following taxa: Anisopodidae – one species; Bibionidae – 11 species; Ceratopogonidae – one described and two unidentified species; Chironomidae – undetermined species of three subfamilies; Culicidae – four species; Cylindrotomidae – one species; Dixidae – one species; Keroplatidae – one described and four unidentified species; Limoniidae – 31 species; Mycetophilidae – 14 species; Psychodidae – two species; Scatopsidae – two species; Sciaridae – three species; Simuliidae – an unnamed species; Tipulidae – nine species. Diptera Brachycera: Agromyzidae – unidentified species; Anthomyzidae – two species; Asilidae – two species; Bombyliidae – one species; Chloropidae – one species; Dolichopodidae – unidentified species; Empididae – unidentified species; Ephydridae – two species; Heleomyzidae – unidentified species; Lauxaniidae – unidentified species; Otitidae – one species; Phoridae – unidentified species; Rhagionidae – two species; Stratiomyidae – two species; Syrphidae – unidentified species; Tabanidae – one species. Following new taxa are described: Leptotarsus (Longurio) fragmentatus Krzemiński, n. sp., Leptotarsus (Longurio) wegiereki Krzemiński, n. sp., Tipula (s. lato) anglicana Krzemiński, n. sp. (Tipulidae); Cyttaromyiarossi Krzemiński, n. sp. (Cylindrotomidae); Gurnardia corami Krzemiński, n. gen, n. sp., Pilaria hooleyi Krzemiński, n. sp., Pilaria volodii Krzemiński, n. sp., Cheilotrichia (Cheilotrichia) duplicata Krzemiński, n. sp., Cheilotrichia (Empeda) szwedoi Krzemiński, n. sp., Symplecta (Psiloconopa) gurnetensis Krzemiński, n. sp., Orimarga (Orimarga) lenae Krzemiński, n. sp., Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) azari Krzemiński, n. sp., Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) fasciata Krzemiński, n. sp., Helius (Helius) edmundi Krzemiński, n. sp., Helius (Helius) popovi Krzemiński, n. sp., Dicranoptycha staryi Krzemiński, n. sp. (Limoniidae); Wightipsychoda Azar, n. gen. (Psychodidae); Dilophus andrewrossi Nel, Colomb & Waller, n. sp., Bibiodes massiliensis Nel, Colomb & Waller, n. sp. (Bibionidae); Azana cockerelli Blagoderov, n. sp., Aglaomyia vectis Blagoderov, n. sp., Dziedzickia oligocenica Blagoderov, n. sp., Palaeoempalia saxea Blagoderov, n. sp., Mycomyahoolei Blagoderov, n. sp., Leia gurnardensis Blagoderov, n. sp. (Mycetophilidae); Regmocleminahaennii Krzemiński, n. sp. (Scatopsidae); Sylvicola problematica Krzemiński, n. sp. (Anisopodidae); Palaeoberidops barkeri Nicholson, n. gen., n. sp. (Stratiomyidae). The Diptera fauna and palaeohabitat of the Insect Bed is discussed.

Three species, Lobothallia brachyloba Paukov & I. V. Frolov, L. epiadelpha Paukov & A. Nordin and L. zogtii Paukov & Davydov, from arid regions of Eurasia (Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China and Mongolia) are described as new to science. Lobothallia brachyloba has flat, firmly attached lobes, immersed apothecia lacking a distinct thalline margin, and contains norstictic acid. Both Lobothallia epiadelpha and L. zogtii contain stictic acid and have a brown thallus and sessile apothecia. Lobothallia epiadelpha initially develops on crustose Circinaria spp, has thick lobes loosely attached to the substratum, and brown apothecial discs with constant thalline margins. Lobothallia zogtii is a free-living species with brownish black to jet black apothecial discs surrounded by a receding thalline margin. Lecanora bogdoënsis is synonymized with Lobothallia praeradiosa and Lobothallia helanensis is synonymized with L. subdiffracta. Three new combinations, Lobothallia hedinii (H. Magn.) Paukov, A. Nordin & Sohrabi, L. lacteola (Oxner) Şenkardeşler, Paukov, Davydov & Sohrabi, and L. subdiffracta (H. Magn.) Paukov, are proposed. Phylogenetic analyses of Lobothallia brachyloba, L. epiadelpha and L. subdiffracta (ITS, mtSSU) are presented, showing their relationships within Lobothallia. The lectotype of the name Aspicilia lacteola Oxner is designated. A key to 18 species of Lobothallia is provided.

A review of the faunistic composition of the coleopterous taphocenoses from Bembridge Marls is given. Only two families (Cupedidae and Carabidae) have been recorded from this site before. A total of 31 families have been revealed and determined in the course of the recent study, and 42 species have been described: Agabus latissimus Ponomarenko, sp. nov. and Ilybius gratshevi Ponomarenko, sp. nov. from Dytiscidae; Neothanes europaeus Ponomarenko, sp. nov. from Carabidae; Spercheus punctatus Ponomarenko, sp. nov., Spercheus wightensis Ponomarenko, sp. nov. from Spercheidae, Hydrochara woodwardi Ponomarenko & Soriano, sp. nov. and Berosus barclayi Ponomarenko & Soriano, sp. nov. from Hydrophilidae; Ochthebius rossi Kirejtshuk, sp. nov., Eolimnebius fossilis Kirejtshuk, sp. nov., Hydraenites gracilimmus Kirejtshuk, sp. nov., Metacoxites ventritalis Kirejtshuk, sp. nov., Davidraenites gratshevi Kirejtshuk, sp. nov., D. interruptus Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. and D. spurcus Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Hydraenidae; Aphodius vectis Krell, sp. nov. and Pentodon dorcus Krell, sp. nov. from Scarabaeidae; Scirtes calcariferens Kirejtshuk & Ponomarenko, sp. nov., Scirtes khnzoryani Kirejtshuk & Ponomarenko, sp. nov., Scirtes metepisternalis Kirejtshuk & Ponomarenko, sp. nov., Scirtes wightensis Kirejtshuk & Ponomarenko, sp. nov., Contacyphon insularis Kirejtshuk & Ponomarenko, sp. nov., Contacyphon involutus Kirejtshuk & Ponomarenko, sp. nov. and Contacyphon kozlovi Kirejtshuk & Ponomarenko, sp. nov. from Scirtidae; Eucinetes nikolaevae Kirejtshuk & Ponomarenko, sp. nov. from Eucinetidae; Macropunctum rossi Alexeev, sp. nov. from Elateridae; Byrrhites bembridgensis Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Byrrhidae; Paralichas striatopunctatus Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Ptilodactylidae; Trixagus barclayi Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Throscidae; Themus (?Telephorops) polyaki Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Cantharidae; Attalus flexus Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Malachiidae; Epuraea (Epuraea) kozlovi Kirejtshuk & Kurochkin, sp. nov., Phenolia (Lasiodites) vanescens Kirejtshuk & Kurochkin, sp. nov., Prometopia europaea Kirejtshuk & Kurochkin, sp. nov., Cyllodes argutus Kirejtshuk & Kurochkin, sp. nov. and Coxollodes palaeogenicus Kirejtshuk & Kurochkin, sp. nov. from Nitidulidae; Telmatophilus britannicus Kirejtshuk & Kurochkin, sp. nov. from Cryptophagidae; Corticariites kozlovi Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Latridiidae; Orthoperites antiquus Kirejtshuk & Kurochkin, sp. nov. from Corylophidae; Octotemnites sepultus Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Ciidae; Cyclodinus efficax Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Anthicidae; and Plateumaris robustus Kurochkin & Kirejtshuk, sp. nov., Plateumaris rubiconis Kurochkin & Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. and Plateumaris wightensis Kurochkin & Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Chrysomelidae. Byrrhites Kirejtshuk, gen. nov., Corticariites Kirejtshuk, gen. nov., Davidraenites Kirejtshuk, gen. nov., Eolimnebius Kirejtshuk, gen. nov., Hydraenites Kirejtshuk, gen. nov., Metacoxites Kirejtshuk, gen. nov., Octotemnites Kirejtshuk, gen. nov. and Orthoperites Kirejtshuk & Kurochkin, gen. nov. are proposed as taxa, partly as formal ones with generic rank and include species described herein. For Plateumaris rubiconis sp. nov., a new subgenus Necrodexis Kurochkin & Kirejtshuk, subgen. nov. is proposed. A brief review of the published fossil records for the groups considered in the paper is made. The probable ecological circumstances of the lives of the groups and species considered are discussed in the paper, and comparison with other Palaeogene sites and some conclusions on probable climatic circumstances have been elaborated. The taxonomic interpretation of three fossil species from the Caenozoic is reconsidered. It is shown that the genus Miocyphon Wickham, 1914 can be scarcely regarded as a close relative of representatives of either Dascillidae or Scirtidae. ‘Phenolia' incapax Scudder, 1890 and Lithomacratria Wickham, 1914 are regarded here without family attribution, the first as a member of Cucujiformia (i.e., out of Nitidulidae) and the latter as a member of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea (i.e., out of both Anthicidae and Pyrochroidae).

Sixteen species of lichenicolous fungi are documented from Siphula-like lichens. Two new genera based on new species are introduced. Amylogalla Suija, Motiej. & Kantvilas, characterized by I+ blue, K/I+ violet vegetative hyphae and ascomatal wall, immersed, cleistohymenial, yellowish to orange ascomata, unitunicate, non-amyloid, 8-spored asci and hyaline, ellipsoid, aseptate ascospores, is described from Parasiphula in Tasmania. Saania Zhurb., characterized by superficial, stromatic, multilocular ascomata, non-amyloid hymenial gel, persistent periphysoids, bitunicate, non-amyloid, 4(–8)-spored asci and narrowly obovate to ellipsoid, 1(–3)-septate, initially hyaline and smooth-walled, later sometimes brown and verruculose ascospores, is described from Siphula in South Africa. Four additional species are described as new: two from Siphula (Cercidospora santessonii Motiej., Zhurb., Suija & Kantvilas and Stigmidium kashiwadanii Zhurb.) and two from Parasiphula (Endococcus hafellnerianus Motiej., Suija & Kantvilas and Pyrenidium macrosporum Motiej., Zhurb., Suija & Kantvilas). Additional hosts and/or expanded geographical ranges are reported for Aabaarnia siphulicola, Epigloea soleiformis, Plectocarpon gayanum and Pyrenidium actinellum. The Southern Hemisphere is the centre of species richness for siphulicolous fungi, with 12 species restricted to this region. Taxa recorded for the Northern Hemisphere are Sphaerellothecium siphulae (arctic and boreal) and the subcosmopolitan Epigloea soleiformis and Pyrenidium actinellum, both of which are also known from various lichen hosts. The distribution of siphulicolous fungi strongly underpins the current generic classification of Siphula-like lichens, with five species being confined exclusively to Parasiphula and nine to Siphula. A key to the taxa occurring on Siphula and Parasiphula is provided.

Didymocarpus middletonii Souvann., Soulad. & Tagane, a new species of Gesneriaceae from Nam Kading National Protected Area, is described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically similar to Didymocarpus brevicalyx, D. formosus and D. puhoatensis but distinguished from the three by its fewer-flowered inflorescence, longer pedicel, and urceolate and multicellular eglandular hairy calyx. Based on the latest IUCN criteria, Didymocarpus middletonii is proposed to be Critically Endangered (CR). Our record of Didymocarpus represents a new genus record for the flora of Laos.

Until now hemispherical astylospongiid sponges were invariably referred to as Caryospongia juglans var. basiplana Rauff. Renewed investigations have now shown that part of the material should be assigned to a new genus and species, Tympanospongia vankempeni, which is characterised by a system of very irregular canals. These flat-based sponges originate from the Baltic region and occur in two assemblages of silicified Late Ordovician sponges known exclusively as erratics from The Netherlands and northern Germany. These fossils were transported by the River Eridanos, a former drainage system from the Baltic region that filled the North European Basin during the Miocene to Early Pleistocene. Specimens of Tympanospongia vankempeni gen. et sp. nov. also occur in the Upper Pleistocene of Gotland, Sweden. The new sponge described herein principally differs from other genera of the Astylospongiidae found frequently in the erratic sponge assemblages by its irregular system of apochetes which ramify and anastomose commonly.

Compound orchocladine sponges are unusual in the Early Palaeozoic. In Europe, silicified material of Late Ordovician age has hitherto been referred to as Aulocopium aurantium Oswald, 1847 and the invalid Aulocopium compositium Conwentz, 1905. An examination of new material has resulted in the recognition of a new genus, Hydraspongia, with two new species, H. polycephala and H. erecta, and a third new species, Perissocoelia megahabra, to which most specimens can now be assigned. These taxa form part of rich erratic sponge assemblages, which originate from unknown source areas in the Baltic, and have been collected in northern and western Europe from fluvial sandy deposits of the Eridanos River system, which drained the Baltic area from the Middle Miocene to Early Pleistocene.

Reports of ‘Psoroma sphinctrinum’ from Palaeotropical areas are shown to represent instead species of the genus Gibbosporina, which is described here as new to science. This genus is superficially similar to tripartite, austral Pannaria species, such as the species now referred to as Pannaria sphinctrina (Mont.) Tuck. ex Hue. A phylogram based on an analysis of the nuclear large subunit rDNA (LSU) locus shows that Gibbosporina is instead a clade in a Pannariaceae branch referred to as the ‘Physma group’, a most unexpected addition to Pannariaceae dealt with by several previous studies. Genera assigned to this group have very contrasting general appearances. However, this diverse group shares distinctly ring-like thalline excipular margins; strongly amyloid internal ascus structures; well-developed perispores which have irregular gibbae and/or nodulose or acuminate apical extensions, but not verrucae; lacks TLC-detectable secondary compounds and have tropical distributions. Gibbosporina is the only tripartite genus in the group, with distinct, nodulose, placodioid, mini-fruticose to mini-foliose cephalodia with a high diversity of Nostoc cyanobionts. The cyanomorphs can apparently exist independently in some cases, although the apothecia on such cephalodia on a specimen from Réunion were unexpectedly found to belong to the chloromorph. The genus and related genera forming the ‘Physma group’ are probably evolutionarily old, and their weak affinity to the remaining part of Pannariaceae, concentrated in the Southern Hemisphere, is discussed. The genus includes 13 known species, and the generitype is Gibbosporina boninensis from the Japanese Ogasawara Islands, originally described as Psoroma boninense and recombined here. The following 12 species are described here as new to science, seven of them with molecular support in an LSU and ITS-based phylogram: Gibbosporina acuminata (Australia, the Philippines), G. amphorella (New Caledonia), G. bifrons (Malaysia, New Caledonia, the Philippines, Solomon Islands), G. didyma (Mauritius, Réunion), G. elixii (Australia), G. leptospora (Australia, Papua New Guinea), G. nitida (Australia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines), G. mascarena (Mauritius, Réunion, Sri Lanka), G. papillospora (the Philippines), G. phyllidiata (Solomon Islands), G. sphaerospora (Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Samoa, and with Psoroma sphinctrinum var. endoxanthellum as a new synonym), and G. thamnophora (Australia and the Philippines). Except for the phyllidiate G. phyllidiata and for G. thamnophora which has cephalodia adapted for vegetative propagation, the species are all primarily fertile. A key for determining the species is provided.

A new genus and species of euphaneropid, Ciderius cooperi, is recorded from the Lower Silurian Fish Bed Formation of the Midland Valley of Scotland on the basis of articulated material. Euphaneropids constitute an enigmatic group which is known from Devonian deposits in Scotland and Canada. The new find adds to our understanding of this group, in particular with regard to the morphology of some common anatomical elements. The paired head stains are here shown to contain clefts which can be interpreted as optic fissures, indicating that these are the remains of eyes. The anterior head stain is reconstructed and demonstrated to be a barrel-shaped object of an uncertain nature. Paired mineralisations situated in the posterior part of the cranial region appear to represent remains of the parachordals, while fossilised blood vessels might be preserved in the form of black lines which mark a greatly elongated branchial region, similar to euphaneropids. Serially repetitive rows of short horizontal stripes on the posterior half of the body are unique for the new taxo, but their interpretation is problematic.

In recent years, a range of operculate sixth abdominal tergite types of pylochelid and parapylochelid hermit crabs (Anomura, Paguroidea) have been recorded from Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian) strata in southern Poland and southern Germany. Here we add two new genera (Parapylochelitergites, Paguritergites) and four new late Early Cretaceous species (Parapylochelitergites pustulosus, Pylochelitergites alatus, Pylochelitergites rugosus and Paguritergites yvonnecooleae) from Navarra, northern Spain. In the reefal limestones at Koskobilo quarry near Alsasua, of late Albian age, the number of sixth abdominal paguroid tergite taxa approximates that of paguroid carapace types. Thus, linking fossil paguroid carapaces to tergites can now be attempted. Assemblages of symmetrical hermit crabs (parapylochelids and pylochelids) in reefal settings appear to have changed drastically from the late Albian onwards, with asymmetrical forms (Diogenidae, Paguridae) becoming predominant.

Thirty-two thrips fossils were studied from the Bembridge Marls, late Eocene of the Isle of Wight, S. England. Two extant families are recorded, Aeolothripidae with two species and Thripidae with three species. Described as new are Sinaeolothrips Shmakov gen. n. (Aeolothrips brodiei Cockerell, 1917, type species), Aeolothrips jarzembowskii Shmakov sp. nov (Aeolothripidae) and Coccothrips hoffeinsorum Shmakov, sp.nov.(Thripidae: Panchaetothripinae). The genus Thrips is tentatively recorded as fossil for the first time. Taxonomic composition of thrips is close to the Recent ones.

The types and undescribed material of the hymenopteran fossils of the Insect Bed of the Bembridge Marls from the Isle of Wight (UK) are critically revised and studied. A total of 1460 fossils are recorded and attributed to 20 families: Gasteruptiidae s.l. (1); Proctotrupidae (3); Diapriidae (24); Cynipidae (7); Figitidae (6); Pteromalidae (1); Agaonidae (3); Scelionidae (12); Platygastridae (2); Ichneumonidae (32); Braconidae (75); Bethylidae (3); Crabronidae (2); Sphecidae (1); Apidae (2); Scoliidae (1); Tiphiidae (2); Vespidae (4); and Formicidae (1220). Described as new are 51 species, 13 genera, two tribes and two subfamilies. Minimum number of species recorded (either as described species or representing higher taxa with no described species in the assemblage) is 118. The composition of the hymenopteran assemblage is most similar to that of Baltic amber and indicative of a well forested territory, as well as of a humid, equable (aseasonal but not very hot) climate, more typically equable than in the Baltic amber source area, judging from the absence of Aphidiinae and scarcity of aphids.

Bulbophyllum nepalense Raskoti & Ale (Orchidaceae) from Nepal is described and illustrated. Notes on the diagnostic characters used to distinguish it from the similar species Bulbophyllum retusiusculum are provided.

The new species Pyrenula reginae and P. rubromamillana are described from NE Brazil. Both have a conspicuous red or orange thallus, an inspersed hamathecium and relatively small ascospores, but they differ clearly in colour and ascoma organization.

Cecidiomyces santessonii gen. & sp. nov., found on Stereocaulon species on the subantarctic Macquarie Island (Tasmania, Australia), is described, illustrated and compared with other morphologically similar genera and species. It is characterized by a lichenicolous habit, gall-formation, caespitose to sporodochial colonies, semi-macronematous, monoblastic, determinate conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, solitary, 0–1-euseptate, pigmented conidia, and schizolytic conidial secession.

Twenty species of lichenicolous fungi are reported on Thamnolia species and discussed. Epithamnolia karatyginii gen. et sp. nov., Capronia thamnoliae sp. nov., Cercidospora epithamnolia sp. nov., C. thamnogalloides sp. nov., C. thamnoliae sp. nov., and Sphaerellothecium thamnoliae sp. nov. (var. thamnoliae, var. taimyricum) are described from Thamnolia. Dacampia thamnoliicola and Phoma thamnoliae are introduced ad interim. Cercidospora lecidomae is reduced to synonymy with C. punctillata. Polycoccum vermicularium is new to Asia, Odontotrema santessonii and O. thamnoliae are new to North America, Cladosporium licheniphilum is new to the Arctic, Thamnogalla crombiei is new to Greenland and Svalbard, Stigmidium frigidum is new to Mongolia and confirmed in the USA, Lichenopeltella thamnoliae is new to Bolivia. Cladosporium licheniphilum and Phaeospora arctica are newly documented on Thamnolia and Lichenopeltella thamnoliae on Thamnolia papelillo var. subsolida. Thamnolia vermicularis, supporting 23 species of lichenicolous fungi, is shown to be the 15th most hospitable lichen species in the world. A worldwide key to 23 species of fungi known to occur on Thamnolia is provided.