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2 results

  • 2 - Democracy and Militarization

  • Christopher Thornhill, University of Manchester
  • Book:
    Democratic Crisis and Global Constitutional Law
    Published online:
    02 February 2021
    Print publication:
    28 January 2021, pp 41-117

  • Summary

    Chapter 2 examines the concepts around which, in the wake of 1789, early democratic polities developed and explained their legitimacy, in and outside Europe. It explains how these concepts were based in military processes, showing how early-democratic ideas of citizenship were linked to military recruitment patterns, caused by fiscal weaknesses in many eighteenth-century states. It argues that the military origins of democratic concepts instilled deep constitutional antinomies in early democracies, with the result that the organizations that promoted electoral rights and citizenship also acquired highly coercive functions. The military origins of modern democracy meant that modern states first took shape in a dialectical form, which was simultaneously empancipatory and repressive. It concludes that the military character of the modern citizen disrupted the processes of legitimation and integration in relation to which it was initially constructed.

  • Bibliographical essays

  • Edited by John K. Fairbank, Kwang-Ching Liu
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of China
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    30 September 1980, pp 603-626

  • Summary

    This bibliography presents a list of titles that help the reader to understand the China's modern economic history. Published sources for the economy in the late Ch'ing period include two large collections of documents photographically reproduced from the archives of the Tsungli Yamen and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Chinese diplomatic history must begin with documented studies in the several major languages, and be supplemented by consideration of the Chinese social, political, economic, intellectual and psychological milieu which set the stage for China's foreign relations. Historical sources for the study of China's perception of Western relations during the late Ch'ing period are rich but scattered. The main source materials on the outspoken scholar-officials are their own writings. The reform movement of the 1890s is an under-researched subject. The military system of the late Ch'ing was outlined in 1930 by Wen Kungchih.