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Clinical psychological practice is founded upon the therapeutic relationship. A science-informed practice then requires that the elements used to build that relationship have an evidence base. Thus, the chapter reviews the empirical foundations of the therapeutic relationship and what steps can be taken to build a therapeutic alliance that correlates positively with beneficial treatment outcomes. The chapter outlines in practical steps how strong therapeutic relationships can be built by evidence-based practices that strengthen the alliance in an empathic manner. It illustrates key skills of building empathy through encouraging, re-stating, and paraphrasing communications in a manner that conveys to the patient an understanding of the content and the emotion behind what is communicated. The chapter concludes with a discussion of problems that can arise in the therapeutic relationship and practical steps to manage alliance ruptures.
This chapter reviews the evidence for psychological and pharmacological approaches to treating people with adverse psychological reactions after disaster. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most commonly identified, and the disorder is characterized by three clusters of symptoms, including reexperiencing of the traumatic event, avoidance and numbing, and hyperarousal. Rates of PTSD are high in the initial months after a disaster, but most become noncases in the subsequent months. Short-term interventions are primarily designed to promote safety, assist coping, and stabilize the individual and their environment. Psychological debriefing has been the model approach to reducing the risk for chronic PTSD after disasters. The chapter also reviews the available evidence on treating posttraumatic disorders that can arise in the intermediate phase after a disaster. The World Wide Web is providing some promising avenues to provide cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) to people who cannot access formal mental health services.
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