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Ballism is defined as a movement disorder characterized by involuntary, forceful, flinging, high-amplitude “throwing” movements. Ballism is often accompanied by choreatic movements, the latter being more distal whereas ballism describes the proximal movements. With time, the proximal ballistic movements may become less pronounced, and the distal choreatic movements predominate. Ballism increases with action and is absent during sleep. The movements can be so violent that patients injure themselves. Ballism usually affects one side of the body, and it is then referred to as hemiballism. Older terms are hardly ever used anymore – that is, monoballism if only one limb is affected, biballism if both extremities on one side of the body but not the head or face are affected, or paraballism if both sides of the body are affected.
from
SECTION III
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SPECIFIC NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
By
Sid M. Shah, Assistant Clinical Professor Michigan State University,
Roger Albin, Department of Neurology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan,
Susan Baser, Department of Neurology Allegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Movement disorders (MD) encountered in the emergency department (ED) range from the familiar Parkinsonism and drug-induced dystonias to rare disabling hemiballism secondary to a stroke. Movement disorders can be classified into four broad categories based on phenomenological features, clinical pharmacology, and neuropathology. It includes hypokinetic disorders identical to Parkinsonism's syndrome, hyperkinetic/choreic movement disorders, tremors, and myoclonus. The cause-and-effect relationship between the drug and the movement disorder is poorly understood, but preexisting central nervous system (CNS) pathology likely predisposes to the development of movement disorders. Commonly prescribed medications that result in movement disorders include antiepileptics, neuroleptics, stimulants, oral contraceptives, antihistaminics and anticholinergics, and antidepressants. The use of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors is associated with tremors and less often with myoclonic jerks. Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline, imipramine, and nortriptyline cause choreiform movements infrequently, particularly orofacial dyskinesia.
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