Plantar fasciitis (PF) is a common cause of chronic foot and heel pain in active and sedentary adults. It is present in approximately 0.85% of the population and is more common in the obese, women, and those aged 45?64 years. Point tenderness at the inferior calcaneus, radiation of pain to plantar fascia on dorsiflexion of ankle and extension of toes, and thickening of the plantar fascia on imaging are strong diagnostic indications of PF. Most cases of PF can be managed with conservative therapy, including weight loss, stretching, and foot strengthening, and NSAIDs LCI, PRP, and botulinum toxin-A injections at the plantar fascia are all effective in relief of symptoms and return of functionality in the foot. Treatments such as radiofrequency ablation of local nerves and ESWT are even superior to local injections and are effective in many patients refractory to all other treatment.

Chronic foot and ankle pain is a common symptom of a wide variety of conditions. Nationwide burden of substantial foot or ankle pain is 24% and 15%, respectively, resulting in a significant healthcare burden. Certain conditions have more specific etiologies or risk factors, many origins of chronic pain lie in obesity, lack of exercise/foot strength, and poor foot biomechanics. Chronic repetitive damage to the surrounding ligaments of the ankle joint structure or repetitive damage to the synovial joint itself can lead to CAI and osteoarthritis, respectively. Systemic disease, acute and overuse injuries, and anatomical deformities must also be considered when evaluating for the origin of pain. For many conditions, conservative treatment with oral anti-inflammatory drugs, orthotics, and physical therapy are first-line treatment and mitigate symptoms effectively in a majority of compliant patients. There is good evidence for the use of various modalities of pharmaceutical injections before recommending a patient to a more invasive surgical procedure.