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2 results

  • Chapter 11 - The Cities and Villages of the Northern Valleys

  • from Part II - The Archaeology of the Tenth Century BCE
  • Avraham Faust, Bar Ilan University, Israel, Zev I. Farber, Shalom Hartman Institute, Jerusalem
  • Book:
    The Bible's First Kings
    Published online:
    16 January 2025
    Print publication:
    20 February 2025, pp 242-251

  • Summary

    Most of the cities in the fertile Jezreel, Beth-Shean, and the adjacent valleys, which flourished in the Iron I, were destroyed in the beginning of the Iron IIA. Some were then rebuilt along very different lines. At the same time, in contrast to the large-scale village abandonment occurring throughout the land, some farming villages continued and were even established. What happened to the cities and what connection might there be to the continued existence of the villages? It appears that the expanding highland polity conquered the region and destroyed most cities – the only exceptions being cities that collaborated with them – transferring some of the inhabitants of these destroyed cities, before rebuilding some of them, often along different lines. This newly conquered area was important economically not only because of the roads that crossed it, but also because of its agricultural potential. Thus the new polity maintained many villages there, even transferring population from the conquered cities to these villages.

  • 1 - Ecology and demography

  • Sugata Bose, Tufts University, Massachusetts
  • Book:
    Peasant Labour and Colonial Capital
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    11 March 1993, pp 8-37

  • Summary

    In 1770, the agrarian scene in Bengal was marked by the scarcity of people and vast stretches of uncultivated fertile land. Two centuries later, land in the west and east Bengals has some of the highest densities of population. The turbulent hydrography of Bengal's great rivers has had a close bearing on the agrarian economy of Bengal. The ecology of the Bakarganj district cut across by numerous streams gave rise to an extraordinary pattern of subinfeudation under substantial farmers known as haoladars to facilitate the work of reclamation. The demographic behaviour of west and east Bengal diverged sharply from the middle of the nineteenth century to about 1920. The final phase of demographic cycles in Bengal has been characterized by declining per capita output in a context of the generation of absolute surplus labour. Price movements of land and its products, as well as flows of credit for financing cultivation, interacted with the parameters set by demography.