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What is ethics and, in any case, why worry about it? What has ethics got to do with law, anyway? Surely, if an activity or decision is legal, who cares if it is ethical or not? And why do I have to learn about morals and ethics before I know much law? These questions might seem to have obvious answers — and you may think that they all lead in the one direction: that ethics are not important. But you would be wrong. Many lawyers have found this out too late and paid a price.
There have been two significant legal challenges to research confidentiality in Canada. The first occurred because of a Coroner’s subpoena, with the researcher invoking the Wigmore criteria and winning a researcher-participant privilege. A second case saw two University of Ottawa researchers served with a search warrant for the tape and transcript of an interview they had conducted years earlier with an individual subsequently accused of murder. The researchers defended research confidentiality in Quebec Superior Court, winning a qualified researcher-participant privilege in the process. This article discusses implications of the court’s decision for researchers, research ethics boards, and universities for the future defence of research confidences. All have a role to play in designing research that anticipates the court’s evidentiary requirements when a claim of privilege is invoked to help ensure future jurisprudence is as favourable to research participants and as respectful of academic freedom as possible.
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