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6 results

  • Anticipated and experienced emotions in environmental risk perception

  • Gisela Böhm, Hans-Rüdiger Pfister
  • Journal:
    Judgment and Decision Making / Volume 3 / Issue 1 / January 2008
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 January 2023, pp. 73-86
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  • Affective forecasting with respect to two environmental risks (ozone depletion, air pollution) was investigated by studying tourists who travelled to either Australia or Bangkok and were thus confronted with one of these risks. We measured anticipated outcome and anticipated emotions before the journey, actually experienced outcome and actually experienced emotions during the journey, and anticipated outcome and emotions concerning a future encounter with the same risk after the journey. Results indicate that tourists underestimate (air pollution) or correctly predict (ozone depletion) both the seriousness of the outcome and their emotional reactions. The relationship between actual outcome and actual emotions is stronger than that between anticipated outcome and anticipated emotions. Furthermore, tourists learn from their travel experience and adjust their anticipations concerning future encounters with the environmental risk. Findings suggest that the domain of environmental risks differs from personal outcomes with respect to the process of affective forecasting.

  • 9 - Business

  • Edward Barbier, Colorado State University
  • Book:
    Economics for a Fragile Planet
    Published online:
    24 March 2022
    Print publication:
    31 March 2022, pp 246-275

  • Summary

    Chapter 9 examines the evidence of growing adoption and initiatives by corporations, businesses and the financial system to incorporate actions to mitigate environmental risks and improve the global environment, and look in particular at the possibility of private sector action to move toward better environmental stewardship. Firms increasingly find that improved environmental performance reduces their overall cost of capital and their attractiveness to potential investors. However, better environmental scarcity and risk management by firms requires a range of complementary policies for green financing and investment; ending the underpricing of nature; and taxing major biosphere exploiters. Corporations that are willing to become biosphere stewards should also collaborate with governments in collective action to address global environmental risks.

  • 26 - Home-based care

  • from Part III - Community and primary health care roles
  • Edited by Diana Guzys, University of Tasmania, Rhonda Brown, Deakin University, Victoria, Elizabeth Halcomb, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Dean Whitehead, University of Tasmania
  • Book:
    An Introduction to Community and Primary Health Care
    Published online:
    15 December 2020
    Print publication:
    30 November 2020, pp 399-409

  • Summary

    Home-based care has had a long tradition in Australia and New Zealand with care being provided in people’s homes for over 100 years. Over time, there have been significant changes to the overall goals and how services are delivered. Home-based care now takes many forms including the acute care program, Hospital in the Home and a range of chronic disease programs. Other home-based care programs provide personal care to older people living in their own homes. Not only is home-based care diverse but the setting in which it is delivered can be equally varied. Regardless of the care required and the environment in which it is delivered, home-based care is based on a person-centred philosophy that has the potential to deliver individualised and responsive care. The role is not without its challenges. Nurses who undertake home visits go into uncontrolled and sometimes confronting environments that may be less than optimal for the delivery of health care. This chapter covers the history of home-based nursing, the changing contexts of home-based care, home visiting and multidisciplinary practice.

  • 26 - Home-based care

  • from Part 3 - Community and primary health care roles
  • Edited by Diana Guzys, University of Tasmania, Rhonda Brown, Deakin University, Victoria, Elizabeth Halcomb, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Dean Whitehead, University of Tasmania
  • Book:
    An Introduction to Community and Primary Health Care
    Published online:
    15 December 2020
    Print publication:
    30 November 2020, pp 399-409

  • Summary

    Home-based care has had a long tradition in Australia and New Zealand with care being provided in people’s homes for over 100 years. Over time, there have been significant changes to the overall goals and how services are delivered. Home-based care now takes many forms including the acute care program, Hospital in the Home and a range of chronic disease programs. Other home-based care programs provide personal care to older people living in their own homes. Not only is home-based care diverse but the setting in which it is delivered can be equally varied. Regardless of the care required and the environment in which it is delivered, home-based care is based on a person-centred philosophy that has the potential to deliver individualised and responsive care. The role is not without its challenges. Nurses who undertake home visits go into uncontrolled and sometimes confronting environments that may be less than optimal for the delivery of health care. This chapter covers the history of home-based nursing, the changing contexts of home-based care, home visiting and multidisciplinary practice.

  • 2 - Russia’s geographical environment

  • Edited by Maureen Perrie, University of Birmingham
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of Russia
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    14 September 2006, pp 19-44

  • Summary

    This chapter adopts a broad, catholic and perhaps even escapist approach, defining Russia's geographical environment as the entire territory. The natural environment touches human development at many points, indeed is part of that development. To talk of peasant environments is to consider the natural environments which confronted most Russians on a day-to-day basis and from which they were obliged to wrest their subsistence. Across the vast East European plain on which most Russians lived there is considerable environmental variation, and the means which peasants employed to ensure their subsistence also varied. The chapter considers peasant ecotypes against the broad background of the major zonal differences which existed in the Russian environment. It talks about Russian territory, which can be divided into four major zones, roughly in the order in which they were encountered by the Russian peasants of the period: mixed forest, boreal forest, tundra, forest-steppe and steppe.

  • The rapid emergence of genetic modification in world agriculture: contested risks and benefits

  • Jules Pretty
  • Journal:
    Environmental Conservation / Volume 28 / Issue 3 / September 2001
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    10 May 2002, pp. 248-262

  • There has been a rapid expansion in the commercial cultivation of genetically modified crops, rising from the first plantings in 1995 to 44.5 million hectares worldwide in 2000, most of which have grown in North America. Though there are sharp divisions in opinions on benefits and risk, genetic modification (GM) does not represent a single, homogenous technology. Each application brings different potential benefits and risks for different stakeholders. This paper reviews recent scientific progress and future applications using a new typology of three generations of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) ranged against five types of scientific application. Agricultural GMOs pose a range of potential environmental and health risks. An analysis of recent independent field and scientific evidence from industrialized countries summarizes the current state of knowledge on seven types of risk that apply to all agricultural systems: (1) horizontal gene flow; (2) new forms of resistance and pest problems; (3) recombination to produce new pathogens; (4) direct and indirect effects of novel toxins; (5) loss of biodiversity from changes to farm practices; (6) allergenic and immune system reactions; and (7) antibiotic resistance marker genes. There remain highly contrasting positions taken by different stakeholders over GMOs. A review of three debates explains claims and counter-claims for (1) genetic modification as technological fix or contributor to sustainability; (2) genetic modification as driver of corporate power or friend of farmer; and (3) genetic modification as feeder of the world or eliminator of alternatives.