Aims – The aim of this small scale study was to explore interaction sequences during the medical consultation. Specific attention was paid to how doctors responded to patient's concerns and worries. Empathic behaviours ( e.g. concern, partnership, legitimising) and facilitating behaviours (e.g. paraphrasing, agreement) were considered as an adequate response to a patient's concern. Methods – Nine consultations of nine different GPs were randomly selected from a sample of 1600 videotaped doctor-patient consultations, that were all rated with the Roter Interaction Analysis System. Each consultation contained at least 9 utterances of patient's concern. It was investigated how doctors respond within five lags of utterances after a patient's concern. Results – The results showed that doctors more often responded to a patient's concern in a facilitative way than in an empathic way. When an empathic response was given, it appeared mostly during the first utterance after the patient expressed a concern. Conclusions – The findings indicate that sequential analysis is appropriate to investigate a health care provider's specific style of responding. Based on the problems emerged during the sequential analysis, further exploration of the method is recommended.

Declaration of Interest: none.

Objective — The medical interview has important diagnostic and therapeutic functions and requires the integration of doctor-centred and patient-centred interviewing techniques to collect accurate and complete biopsychosocial data from the patient. Analysis of the interaction between patient and doctors which occur during the medical interview allow to evaluate physicians' interview techniques and to eventually improve them. Objective — 1. To review different Interaction Analysis Systems (IAS) used to describe doctor-patient communication in terms of clinical relevance, observational strategy, reliability and behavioural and verbal contents. 2. To critically evaluate these IASs on the basis of their relevant research outcomes. Method — Previous reviews on interaction and keywords for Medline research (HealthGate) listed above were utilised to collect the relevant literature. Results — Seventeen classification systems were identified and ten were discussed in a chronological order. Starting from a general sociological or psycholinguistic approach, the IASs over the years have became more specific and detailed, focusing more and more on the medical interview and on specific topics, such as cancer or hospital medical consultations. Conclusions — When studying interactions in general practice medicine, it is important to define the significant units of interaction which allow to identify a «patient-centred approach», since this is relevant not only for obtaining reliable and complete medical and social data, but also for the recognition of patients with emotional disorders and their correct diagnosis. Listening to the patient and facilitating the expression of emotions is an important aspect of patient education too, as patients learn that talking about psychological problems to their physician is appropriate and may be therapeutic.

Objective – To assess the reliability and to describe the categories and the procedure to apply the VRMICS/P (Verona-Medical Interview Classification System/Patient). Setting – The interviews used for the reliability study were audio taped. Five general practitioners (GPs) working in two general practices in South-Verona recorded their consultations. Sample – 50 interviews selected randomly from 120, 10 for each GP. The selection criterion for the participating patients was a GHQ-12 score of 3 and the consultation for a new illness episode. Main outcome measures -The VR-MICS/P classifies patients' verbal behaviours into 21 categories, 15 of them are defined by form (cue or statement) and content. Procedure – Two trained raters classified 50 interviews. Before applying the classification system each interview is divided into units which are numbered to define doctor's and patient's sequence of speech. Results – The reliability of VR-MICS/P was satisfactory (Kappa 0.85). Similarity Index (Dice, 1945) for categories varied between 0.71 and 0.94. Reliability for form and content classification was satisfactory too (Similarity Index between 0.81 and 0.89 and between 0.84 and 0.94, respectively). Conclusions – The VR-MICS/P is a reliable measure for describing patients' verbal behaviours during medical interviews. It can be used together with the VR-MICS/D (Verona-Medical Interview Classification System/Doctor; Saltini et al., 1998) to describe the medical interview, the quality of doctor-patient interview and can be used as a measure of patient centredness.

Objective - To assess the reliability of the VR-MICS/D (Verona-Medical Interview Classification System/Doctor) and to identify the verbal behaviour by general practitioners in interviews conducted with primary care attenders with medical complaints and emotional distress. Setting - Two general practices in South-Verona. Sample - 100 primary care patients attending for a new illness episode with a GHQ-12 score > 3. The five participating GPs contributed each with 20 audiotaped interviews of 10 patients judged by GP as emotionally distressed and of 10 judged without emotional distress. Main outcome measures — The VR-MICS/D classifies GPs' verbal behaviour during the medical interview into 16 categories in terms of form (question or statement) and content and allows to assess their interview skills. Procedure - Two raters classified 30 interviews (15 with patients judged by their GP as emotionally distressed and 15 with patients judged without emotional distress). Having established satisfactory reliability, the overall verbal performance, based on 100 interviews, was assessed and GPs' verbal behaviours with patients judged as emotionally distressed was compared with that adopted with patients judged without emotional distress. Results - The reliability was satisfactory (Kappa 0.93). Percentage agreements for categories varied between 78.2% and 96.4%. The most frequent verbal behaviours were closed ended questions and information giving (58% of a total of 5522 classified verbal units). Interviews with patients judged as emotional distressed contained a greater number of psychological and psychosocial contents, facilitating comments and clarifications. These differences, however, were small, despite their statistical significance. Conclusions - The VR-MICS/D is a reliable measure for describing GPs' verbal behaviour during the interview with emotional distressed patients. The interview style of the GPs in this study was similar to that reported in the literature for GPs without formal training in communication skills and was characterised by a prevalently doctor-centred approach. This approach, particularly with emotional distressed patients, has severe limitations and underlines the necessity of the introduction of communication skills training.

Objective – To examine how primary care patients with psychosocial problems actually introduce and present these topics. To examine the influence of some personality traits (emotional dependency and health locus of control) on psychosocial problem disclosure. Design – «Case control». Cases had a GHQ–12 score equal or higher than three. Controls were matched with cases according to GP, GPs' attribution of absence or presence of emotional distress sex, age and presence of chronic illness. Setting – Six single handed primary care practices. Measures – Clinical and Socio-demographic data, Social Problems List, List of 12 Threatening Life Events, GHQ-12, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control, Interpersonal Dependency Inventory and a Social Support Index. Results – The introduction of psychosocial topics by patients is related to the attribution of emotional distress by GP. Patients identified correctly as not distressed present less often psychosocial topics compared to patients recognised as distressed. Distressed patients not recognised as such more often than the others did not offer any psychosocial cue. The personality measures did not influence the presentation of psychosocial problems. Conclusions – The lack of psycho-social cues from patients and of patient-centred skills contributed to the non recognition of emotional distressed patients. GPs' active facilitation of the presentation of psychosocial topics in such patients would improve the recognition of emotional distress.