Folding funnels have been the focus of considerable
attention during the last few years. These have mostly
been discussed in the general context of the theory of
protein folding. Here we extend the utility of the concept
of folding funnels, relating them to biological mechanisms
and function. In particular, here we describe the shape
of the funnels in light of protein synthesis and folding;
flexibility, conformational diversity, and binding mechanisms;
and the associated binding funnels, illustrating the multiple
routes and the range of complexed conformers. Specifically,
the walls of the folding funnels, their crevices, and bumps
are related to the complexity of protein folding, and hence
to sequential vs. nonsequential folding. Whereas the former
is more frequently observed in eukaryotic proteins, where
the rate of protein synthesis is slower, the latter is
more frequent in prokaryotes, with faster translation rates.
The bottoms of the funnels reflect the extent of the flexibility
of the proteins. Rugged floors imply a range of conformational
isomers, which may be close on the energy landscape. Rather
than undergoing an induced fit binding mechanism,
the conformational ensembles around the rugged bottoms
argue that the conformers, which are most complementary
to the ligand, will bind to it with the equilibrium shifting
in their favor. Furthermore, depending on the extent of
the ruggedness, or of the smoothness with only a few minima,
we may infer nonspecific, broad range vs. specific binding.
In particular, folding and binding are similar processes,
with similar underlying principles. Hence, the shape of
the folding funnel of the monomer enables making reasonable
guesses regarding the shape of the corresponding binding
funnel. Proteins having a broad range of binding, such
as proteolytic enzymes or relatively nonspecific endonucleases,
may be expected to have not only rugged floors in their
folding funnels, but their binding funnels will also behave
similarly, with a range of complexed conformations.
Hence, knowledge of the shape of the folding funnels is
biologically very useful. The converse also holds: If kinetic
and thermodynamic data are available, hints regarding the
role of the protein and its binding selectivity may be
obtained. Thus, the utility of the concept of the funnel
carries over to the origin of the protein and to its function.