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[12.1] An Act is passed when the final stage of the enactment process is completed. It may not come into operation for some time after it is passed. It may come into operation wholly at the one time or in stages over a period.
This chapter examines two commencement ceremony performances that explored the political implications of Haitian independence, one by two white Dartmouth students in 1804, and the other two decades later by Bowdoin College’s first black graduate. In these acts, Americans dramatized Haiti’s founding fathers and its emerging democracy while incorporating Haiti into performances of pedagogy and credentialing central to the American national imaginary.