Beach Sand Mining (BSM) is a profitable industry earning a sizable income for the countryby way of foreign exchange. The Indian coast is rich in rare earths such as ilmenite,rutile, leucoxene, zircon, garnet and sillimanite, and is invariably associated withradioactive monazite. Due to the nature of the separation processes involved and themanual handling, workers in these factories are continuously being exposed to suspendedparticles containing naturally occurring radioactive materials. An attempt was made toestimate DNA damage using a chromosome aberration assay to monitor radiation effects inworkers of BSM industries in India. The study group comprised 27 BSM workers and 20controls. Percentage yields of dicentrics, acentric fragments and chromatid breaksobserved in the control group were 0.058 ± 0.017, 0.073 ± 0.03 and 0.22 ± 0.112,respectively. Percentage yields of dicentrics + centric rings, acentric fragments andchromatid breaks observed in the BSM group were 0.029 ± 0.01 (P value 0.19), 0.24 ± 0.06(P value 0.006) and 0.455 ± 0.06 (P value 0.0004), respectively. Elevated levels offragments and chromatid aberrations are suggestive of low-dose radiation effects and alsochemically-induced DNA damage.