This chapter measures and analyzes the evolution and performance of the NIS of thirty-two economies. It identifies multiple pathways for achieving economic catch-up. The balanced catching-up NIS cluster includes Ireland, Spain, India, and Russia. The imbalanced catching-up NIS cluster includes the two Asian tigers of Korea and Taiwan and China. We also identify a third group, the trapped NIS cluster, consisting of economies perceived to be stuck in the MIT. The rapid economic catch-up of the countries in the imbalanced NIS group can be explained by the fact that these economies have increasingly specialized in short CTT, thereby increasing their respective levels of knowledge localization and technological diversification. In comparison, the alternative pathway of the balanced catching-up group shows that extreme specialization in either long- or short-CTT sectors is not always necessary for achieving a decent degree of technological diversification and decentralization. The imbalanced catching-up NIS is a detour that begins with short cycle and then makes a transition to long cycle, as well as a detour from big businesses to SMEs. This detour is necessary to circumvent entry barriers to high-end and value-added sectors.