This chapter narrates African American historian William C. Nell’s efforts to highlight the actions of black Revolutionaries. His focus on figures such as Crispus Attucks, rather than static texts, such as the Constitution, laid claim to the first American Revolution in a way that signaled the need for a second revolution. While emphasizing instances of black assertiveness, Nell also narrated the instantiation of white prejudice. This indicated the promise of contingent change: if the human actions of the post-revolutionary period had betrayed the human actions of the revolutionary era, then new revolutionaries could reconstruct the current proslavery and prejudicial context and grant black contemporaries the rights for which their forebears fought. This interpretive frame inspired black reponses to Dred Scott, including the creation of Crispus Attucks Day. The Attucks commemorators crafted historical arguments to confront the racial prejudice they identified in both Roger B. Taney’s decision and in fellow abolitionist Theodore Parker’s speeches, and they looked to the first American Revolution to envision a second revolution in which blacks would play starring roles.

The conclusion summarizes the book’s central contention that antebellum interpretive debates over slavery encouraged contextual readings of sacred texts and deepened a sense of historical distance from America’s favored biblical and founding pasts. It restates the argument that while some aimed to set aside the historical distance and change their readings revealed, others used distance and change in advancing new readings of the Bible and, especially, the Constitution. The conclusion narrates how Theodore Parker, Frederick Douglass, and Abraham Lincoln continued to use historical distance and the insight of historical contingency in working towards slavery’s abolition. Douglass found hope in Lincoln’s election, the Civil War, and the Emancipation Proclamation, and despite crucial differences between them, Douglass and Lincoln continued to advance antislavery readings of the Constitution based in the framers’ expectation of abolition. This reading gave shape to Lincoln’s Proclamation and his Gettysburg Address. The conclusion also indicates the limitations of approaches like Lincoln’s and emphasizes the need today for new kinds of historical narratives and new kinds of actions.

Often Haiti is understood as the central Black revolutionary touchstone for the time, and though Stephen Gilroy Hall examines the ways in which African American writers such as James McCune Smith, William Wells Brown, and George Vashon presented Haiti as “offering instructive lessons about the possibility” of revolution, he also considers the way in which Haiti was activated alongside the American Revolution through the writings of William C. Nell. Importantly, these writers turned to revolutionary pasts as interventions in their historical present when the threat of slavery’s expansion made for what Hall calls “an antislavery war” waged in African American historical writing.