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8 results

Edward A. Tenenbaum and the Deutschmark
  • How an American Jew Became the Father of Germany’s Postwar Economic Revival
  • Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich
  • Published online:
    19 October 2024
    Print publication:
    31 October 2024
  • German industry had survived Allied bombing largely unscathed. Currency reform was necessary to provide incentives for capital owners and labor to produce. The abundance of old Reichsmarks had to be curtailed to a scarce supply of Deutschmarks that users would expect to retain value. It was Edward A. Tenenbaum, currency expert of US military government in Berlin since 1946, who managed the exceptionally successful currency reform in West Germany 1948, which was implemented by the legislative powers of the three Western Allies against opposition from West German financial experts. It was the foundation of West Germany's 'economic miracle.' The West German currency conversion is part of the founding myth of the Federal Republic of Germany. Yet Tenenbaum's pivotal role is largely unknown among the German public. Besides providing a full-blown biography of the true father of the currency reform, this book elevates Tenenbaum to his proper place in German history.

  • Chapter 4 - The Battle of Buna

  • Matthew Miller
  • Book:
    Assault Brigade
    Published online:
    25 October 2024
    Print publication:
    29 August 2024, pp 68-95

  • Summary

    We often laughed when we should have cried.

    Allchin, Purple and Blue
    The key battles at Buna and Sanananda fought by the 18th Infantry Brigade Group as part of Warren Force would result in its most disastrous casualties of the war. The 18th Brigade would suffer more casualties in one month than all three Australian Infantry brigades suffered in the three-month battle with the Japanese along the Kokoda Track.1 Owen Curtis, a soldier in 2/12th Battalion, noted in five weeks of fighting in the Buna and Sanananda regions of New Guinea that the brigade would suffer a staggering 96 per cent casualty rate.2 However, these same battles would pioneer brigade-level combined arms tactics in the jungle.

  • 4 - Access to Vaccine Technology

  • Ana Santos Rutschman, Villanova University, Pennsylvania
  • Book:
    Vaccines as Technology
    Published online:
    07 April 2022
    Print publication:
    14 April 2022, pp 93-105

  • Summary

    A vaccine that overcomes scientific, funding, and R&D constraints and enters the market may still not become available to everybody who needs it. The public health goal of preventing or lessening disease through the administration of vaccines is not fulfilled at the point of market entrance. Rather, it requires that populations indicated for a particular vaccine are able to receive it. A separate dimension of investigating how well the vaccine innovation ecosystem functions is thus the problem of access to existing vaccines.

  • 7 - The Juba Peace Talks with the Lord’s Resistance Army in 2008

  • Mareike Schomerus
  • Book:
    The Lord's Resistance Army
    Published online:
    09 April 2021
    Print publication:
    01 April 2021, pp 194-227

  • Summary

    This chapter focuses on the 2008 events in the Juba Peace Talks between the Lord’s Resistance Army/Movement (LRA/M) and the Government of Uganda, which ended with joint military strikes by Ugandan and US forces (called Operation Lightning Thunder) against the LRA. LRA leader Joseph Kony had repeatedly failed to sign the Final Peace Agreement amidst growing confusion over demand and the role of the LRA/M delegates. In 2008, previously less obvious patterns of mistrust and miscommunication in the peace talks came to the fore, exacerbated by parallel preparations for war and peace and confusing international signals. The USA took on a new and prominent role, working behind the scenes to assure military preparations while also being an observer at the talks. Within the delegation, roles of individuals became increasingly bewildering. Yet despite the tremendous frustrations in the negotiation process and the missed opportunity to celebrate the Final Peace Agreement with a fully planned signing ceremony in the bush attended by 150 guests, the fall out of the military Operation Lightning Thunder shows the gravity of the decision to abandon the often-frustrating negotiation process in favour of what mistakenly continues to be sold as the quicker solution.

  • The association between nutrition and behavioural health in a US Army population

  • Kelly L Forys-Donahue, Raina D Brooks, Matthew R Beymer, Joseph Pecko
  • Journal:
    Public Health Nutrition / Volume 23 / Issue 17 / December 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    26 August 2020, pp. 3059-3066
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  • Objective:

    The relationship between nutrition and behavioural health (BH) outcomes has been established in the literature. However, the relationship between nutrition and anxiety is unclear. Furthermore, the relationship between nutrition and BH outcomes has not been examined in a US Army Soldier population. This study sought to understand the relationship between Soldiers’ nutritional intake and anxiety as well as depression.

    Design:

    This cross-sectional study utilised multivariable logistic regression analyses to examine the relationship between nutritional intake and BH outcomes.

    Setting:

    The study utilised data collected in 2018 during a BH epidemiological consultation conducted at one Army installation.

    Participants:

    Participants were 7043 US Army Soldiers at one Army installation.

    Results:

    Of the Soldiers completing the survey, 12 % (n 812) screened positive for anxiety and 11 % (n 774) for depression. The adjusted odds of anxiety were significantly higher among Soldiers who reported low fruit intake compared with Soldiers who reported high fruit intake (adjusted OR (AOR) 1·36; 95 % CI 1·04, 1·79). The adjusted odds of depression were higher for Soldiers who reported low fruit intake (AOR 1·35; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·79) and/or low green vegetable intake (AOR 1·37; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·83). Lastly, the adjusted odds of depression were lower for Soldiers who reported low sugary drink intake (AOR 0·62; 95 % CI 0·48, 0·81).

    Conclusions:

    This study is the first to examine the important connection between nutritional intake and anxiety and depression at a US military installation. The information learned from this study has implications for enhancing Soldiers’ nutritional knowledge and BH, ultimately improving Soldiers’ health and medical readiness.

  • The role of self-compassion in the psychological (mal)adjustment of older adults: a scoping review

  • L. R. Tavares, P. Vagos, A. Xavier
  • Journal:
    International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 35 / Issue 4 / April 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    06 July 2020, pp. 179-192
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  • Background:

    The identification of protection factors regarding older adults’ mental health is essential. Self-compassion, the capacity to be kind towards the self during challenging times, may be one such factor. Although still scarce, some research in this field has already been conducted with older adults. Our research question was the following: what is currently known about the role of self-compassion in the psychological (mal)adjustment of older adults?

    Objectives:

    To review any study designs, in any setting, where self-compassion and any indicators of psychological (mal)adjustment were assessed in participants aged ≥60 years.

    Design:

    A scoping review of English, Portuguese, and Spanish published and unpublished materials, using the EBSCOhost Research and PubMed databases and reference lists. Search terms included self-compassion, self compassion, older adults, elderly, seniors, and geriatrics. After screening and selection of the studies, we charted the relevant data.

    Results:

    Eleven published studies (2012–2018) were reviewed. Self-compassion was associated with, and a predictor of, diverse mental health indicators in older adults. Self-compassion was also associated with indicators of physical health, moderated the relationship between physical health indicators and mental health indicators, and mediated the relationship between diverse mental health indicators. Results were obtained with participants of different nationalities and age. All studies had a cross-sectional design, and most studies recruited well-functioning community residents.

    Conclusions:

    Self-compassion is beneficial for the psychological adjustment of older adults and may also benefit their biological functioning. Self-compassion seems particularly relevant for those experiencing more negative life events. Studies with more robust methodologies are needed in order to replicate these findings.

  • “No Operation in an Academic Ivory Tower”: World War II and the Politics of Social Knowledge

  • Part of
  • Christopher P. Loss
  • Journal:
    History of Education Quarterly / Volume 60 / Issue 2 / May 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    24 July 2020, pp. 214-227
    Print publication:
    May 2020

  • America's sprawling system of colleges and universities has been built on the ruins of war. After the American Revolution the cash-strapped central government sold land grants to raise revenue and build colleges and schools in newly conquered lands. During the Civil War, the federal government built on this earlier precedent when it passed the 1862 Morrill Land-Grant College Act, which created the nation's system of publicly supported land-grant colleges. And during Reconstruction, the Freedmen's Bureau, operating under the auspices of the War Department, aided former slaves in creating thousands of schools to help protect their hard-fought freedoms. Not only do “wars make states,” as sociologist Charles Tilly claimed, but wars have also shaped the politics of knowledge in the modern university in powerful and lasting ways.

  • Foxhole Faith and Funk Religion: Anglo-American Perspectives from Two World Wars

  • Michael Snape
  • Journal:
    New Blackfriars / Volume 96 / Issue 1062 / March 2015
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 January 2024, pp. 223-238
    Print publication:
    March 2015
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  • The role of combat as a religious stimulant was widely observed and debated during both World Wars. Through a consideration of American opinion in World War II, especially in the light of British opinion a generation earlier, this paper illustrates that, however similar expressions of combatants’ faith may have been across time and space, their perceived value was very much dictated by their wider religious context, and particularly by the existing assumptions and priorities of religious observers and pundits. This meant that, in the American context of World War II, appraisals tended to be much more positive than in the British context of World War I, adding considerable substance and longevity to the claim that ‘there are no atheists in foxholes’.