Chapter 4 delves into the “great leap” of small hydropower during the Maoist period. It analyzes the distinctive feature of the expansion of the hydropower nation as it was influenced by Maoist ideology: Mass participation. Despite the common assumption that Communist China blindly pursued mega dams, Mao believed in “walking on two legs”: Large Soviet-style dams on the one hand, and small indigenous hydro projects that could be built and operated by the masses on the other. With the goal of boosting agricultural productivity and rural electrification, the PRC state mobilized communes nationwide to harness local rivers for the generation of electricity. This chapter examines local experiences of small hydro campaigns, focusing on Yongchun in Fujian Province. Across the country, tens of thousands of small hydroelectric power stations were constructed within a few years. The lack of prior hydrological investigations and professional knowledge, however, meant that many of these stations were not able to deliver stable electrical output, while they also resulted in the fragmentation of local rivers.

Though similar in construction to landscapes, early Chinese tu were plans of definite spatial consequence, their definition resting not so much on their appearance as on their function and syntax, composed in a way that was legible and efficacious. The pacing out of the territories represented in tu likely also signaled a personal or ritual investiture. In both early Chinese landscapes and terrestrial maps, spatial representations changed across their face, of either visual vantage point or temporal relations between locales. Maps thus were prone to distortion or even falsification. Further complicating the maps’ legibility is whether their markings of human activity and construction are descriptive or prescriptive. The mensurative challenges involved in reading maps are magnified by the aesthetic conventions and features that impacted mapmaking. To best understand how such maps might have been read or deciphered would involve analyzing how they became defunct, illegible, to analyze what was regarded as an “error” in the map.