As represented by the title, this chapter unpacks how the British colonial administration left indelible legacies on the Nigerian state and how those legacies killed the sociopolitical fabric of the region before the institution of colonial rule. Through the concept of regionalism, which the chapter understands as “the systemic division of governmental control where a central or federal government holds clearly defined authority and power,” the colonial administration hamstrung Nigeria’s political and economic growth by creating ethnic mistrust and conflict, the marginalization of minorities and agitation among ethnicities after the development of ethnic nationalism. Self-serving interests of colonialists aimed to partition the country along arbitrary lines, disregarding the complex web of pre-existing linguistic and ethnic communities for ease of administration. The effects of these colonialist policies fueled the ethnopolitical and social conflict (and other marginalization of minority groups only possible after the creation of a state) within Nigeria, thus stymieing the development of Nigeria’s internal and independent sociopolitical structures.

This chapter examines the impact of the war on women’s paid employment in diverse sectors including agriculture, domestic service, clerical work, munitions, the railway industry and the medical profession. Providing the first in depth all-island study of Irish women’s employment in this period, it contributes to international scholarship on the emancipatory nature of women’s war work. The chapter assesses the important role played by Irish women in the war industry, particularly through munitions work and questions the extent they were motivated by economic or patriotic factors. The urban/rural experience is contrasted, and the Irish case compared with Britain. Ireland’s economy was very different to Britain in 1914 due to the predominance of the agricultural sector in Ireland and this divergence increased over the course of the war due to the absence of conscription in Ireland. However, there was nevertheless some substitution of men in the Irish workforce and some evidence of a shift in societal attitudes towards female employment. The chapter concludes that the war gave women increased agency as workers, evident in their desire to move away from domestic service and into other sectors, their lobbying for pay increases and their significantly expanded trade union participation.