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2 results

  • 6 - Neutrality and Cyber Warfare

  • Constantine Antonopoulos
  • Book:
    Non-Participation in Armed Conflict
    Published online:
    24 February 2022
    Print publication:
    03 March 2022, pp 201-219

  • Summary

    Cyberspace may constitute either the exclusive area of operations or a means of conduct of hostilities in an otherwise conventional armed conflict. The basic text concerning the rules applicable in cyber warfare is the Tallinn Manual 2.0, a 'soft law' text that is not generally followed by the few States that include cyber warfare in their military manuals. However, the relevance and applicability of the law of neutrality in cyber conflict is not disputed. The proposed legal framework is in principle premised on the Hague Conventions V and XIII, though the particularities of cyberspace as a domain have admitted substantive deviations with respect to inviolability of neutral territory and neutral due diligence.

  • Multi-Ethnicity and Material Exchanges in Late Medieval Tallinn

  • Magdalena Naum
  • Journal:
    European Journal of Archaeology / Volume 17 / Issue 4 / 2014
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    25 January 2017, pp. 656-677
    Print publication:
    2014

  • This article examines the cultural and social dynamics of a multi-ethnic medieval town. Taking the lower town of Tallinn as a case study, this paper identifies the major urban ethnic groups living in the town and discusses their co-existence, self-definition, and processes of categorization. It explores ambiguities arising from daily interactions in the shared physical landscape of the town, such as material exchanges, and the development of new technological solutions, and the simultaneous insistence on maintenance of sharp inter-group boundaries. As material culture plays a significant role in the negotiation of identities and in visualizing sameness and difference, emphasis is placed on the ways objects were used in the daily lives of Tallinn's multi-ethnic communities.