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How the law defines and protects all those persons who are not designated as combatants or POWs – civilians – forms the focus of Chapter 6. It examines how the law protects civilians generally in armed conflict, and in particular ‘protected persons’ – those who find themselves in the hands of an adverse power as enemy aliens or in situations of belligerent occupation. Chapter 6 examines the rules that Occupying Powers must observe when, in international armed conflicts, they find themselves in temporary possession of territory that belongs to another sovereign State. The phenomenon of long-term occupation is also examined, as is the law regulating the treatment of civilians in non-international armed conflict.
The Holy Places of Jerusalem's Old City are among the most contested sites in the world and the 'ground zero' of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Tensions regarding control are rooted in misperceptions over the status of the sites, the role of external bodies such as religious organizations and civil society, and misunderstanding regarding the political roles of the many actors associated with the sites. In this volume, Marshall J. Breger and Leonard M. Hammer clarify a complex and fraught situation by providing insight into the laws and rules pertaining to Jerusalem's holy sites. Providing a compendium of important legal sources and broad-form policy analysis, they show how laws pertaining to Holy Places have been implemented and engaged. The book weaves aspects of history, politics, and religion that have played a role in creation and identification of the 'law.' It also offers solutions for solving some of the central challenges related to the creation, control, and use of Holy Places in Jerusalem.
Seabird populations in Antarctica serve as indicators to assess the impacts of global environmental change. Ecological data on seabirds in Antarctica are scarce due to limited knowledge on their distribution and abundance in most parts of the continent. In this study, we investigated the status of seabird species around the Indian research stations Bharati at Larsemann Hills, Prydz bay and Maitri at Schirmacher Oasis, central Dronning Maud Land located in east Antarctica. We conducted primary surveys during austral summers under the Indian Antarctic Program and compiled published as well as unpublished information on seabird distribution from these areas. We employed intensive area search methods to locate presence of seabird nesting and moulting sites. Ten species were recorded from Larsemann Hills with confirmed breeding of snow petrel, south polar skua and Wilson’s storm-petrel. Only south polar skua and Adélie penguin were reported breeding at Schirmacher Oasis with unconfirmed breeding of Wilson’s storm-petrel. This study presents the first detailed synthesis of status of seabirds from Larsemann Hills and Schirmacher Oasis regions in Antarctica and serves as a strong baseline for future ecological work on seabirds in the sector of operation of Indian Antarctic Program.
Occupied Territory — Administrative and Legislative Measures of Occupant — Illegal Annexation of Occupied Territory — Law Introduced by Occupant in Contravention of Articles 43 and 46 of Hague Regulations of 1907 — Legislation Depriving Inhabitants of Right to Dispose of Property — Testamentary Dispositions
Occupied Territory — Administrative and Legislative Measures of Occupant — Illegal Annexation of Occupied Territory — New Legal System Introduced by Occupant in Contravention of Articles 43 and 46 of Hague Regulations of 1907 — German Occupation of Poland During Second World War — Sequestration and Confiscation of Property — German Notaries Public in Occupied Territory — Measures Altering Law as to Private Property — Validity of Wills Made in Disregard of Such Measures
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