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  • 4 - The rise of the Mongolian empire and Mongolian rule in north China

  • Edited by Herbert Franke, Denis C. Twitchett, Princeton University, New Jersey
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of China
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    25 November 1994, pp 321-413

  • Summary

    Toward the end of 1236 Mongolian armies crossed the Volga, the right wing moving north into the Bulghar lands and the Russian principalities, and the left wing into the north Caucasus and the western Qipchaq steppe. The unparalleled unification of the steppe tribes under the aegis of the Mongols in the thirteenth century stands in sharp contrast with the division and discord of the twelfth century. This chapter discusses the social order, economic conditions, early history, and the Temujin's reunion with the Onggirad. Temujin was then given the title of Chinggis khan, the chief shaman. Besides serving to confirm and consolidate Chinggis khan's hold on the eastern steppe, the khuriltai of 1206 laid plans for various new military and diplomatic initiatives. The Mongolian empire reached the high point of its power under Mongke. However, the Mongols' mandate to bring the known world under their dominion was never to be realized.