We present a 3D reconstruction method using brightness and camera motion estimation for registering local colon structure in colonoscopy. The proposed method is based on reverse projection from 2D fold contours to 3D space, motion estimation from 3D reconstructed points between neighboring frames, and model registration to reconstruct the fold structure. On the synthetic colon, the average percentages of the reconstructed depth error and circumference error are about 14.2% and 15.2%, respectively. The accuracy is enough for the navigation and control in capsule robot. This work demonstrates that the proposed method is superior to the methods using single-frame-based brightness intensity.

In support of the registration and reregistration processes under FIFRA ‘88, numerical models are used to estimate the dissolved runoff and soil erosion loadings of pesticides to surface waters and the subsequent fate and transport of pesticides in the receiving waters. Uses for simulations include:

1. Helping to determine whether additional studies on the fate and distribution of a candidate chemical in the environment and/or ecological effects may be needed when full chemical characterization is incomplete.

2. Helping to more fully integrate data submissions of laboratory and field observations.

3. Estimating probable fate and distribution of an agrochemical after a severe runoff event.

4. Comparing alternative chemical application rates and methods for the same chemical/soil/crop/environmental combinations.

5. Comparing different soil/crop/environmental combinations representing different geographical areas with the same chemical.

6. Evaluating preliminary designs of proposed field studies.

7. Gaining insight into the environmental fate of modern chemicals that are applied at 1 to 2% of the rates of older chemicals when sampling designs and analytical methods are not available.

The Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) commonly employs the SWRRB (45, 46) and PRZM (8, 9) models for runoff and EXAMS II (5), a fate and transport model, for surface waters. These three models are used in conjunction with appropriate databases for soils, chemical properties, and meteorological and other environmental parameters. Registrants are encouraged to clearly state assumptions, identify values for parameters by citation, report results of simulations with summary tables and graphics, and interpret their results in relation to current scientific disciplines.