The Emergency Department (ED) is a microcosm of its greater surrounding community. Urban EDs in particular have a broad variety of people – both physicians and patients – who hail from various backgrounds, races, and ethnicities, each with unique primary languages and cultures. Urban metropolitans are the most diverse regions compared to more rural parts of a given country. Based on current demographic data and our own collective experiences in urban EDs internationally, ED physicians seldom have an opportunity to reflect on race, language, and culture in the populations that we serve. These differences, or the discordance between clinician and patient, can become problematic for emergency physicians.

The relationship between Etruria and Anatolia has been an important topic since Herodotus asserted a Lydian origin for the Etruscans. Seen as the first civilization within the Italian peninsula, the Etruscans held a pivotal place in Italian history, and therefore their origin has held larger political implications for the modern peoples of Italy and Anatolia. This chapter contrasts the historiography of the term “Orientalizing” within Etruria with the evolving presentation of the history of civilization in Ottoman and later Turkish Anatolia. The term “Orientalizing” was a project in orientalism, defining the beginning of Western civilization as it was born from earlier Eastern civilizations, and its historic explanations were used for nationalistic ends. In addition, modern colonialism shaped how Eastern influence in Etruria was conceptualized and guided Italian archaeological missions in the Aegean. In Italy and Anatolia, understandings of their ancient interactions have been influenced by modern political ideologies that sought to assert where civilization originated and how it spread throughout Europe.

This introductory chapter aims at giving an overview of the pervasiveness of the second-person pronoun across genres, from advertising and political slogans to Twitter via ‘you narratives’ as literature too has taken its ‘you’-turn. Starting from a linguistic template based on face-to-face interactions and adapting it to make it fit written narratives, the chapter offers a theoretical modelling of the possible references of ‘you’, given the degree of congruence between form and function, that could apply to both fictional and non-fictional texts. The pragma-rhetorical approach adopted here foregrounding the author–reader channel allows to transcend the divide between ‘you narratives’ and other genres using the pronoun that the literature has tended to keep separate. It highlights the ethicality of the second-person pronoun as readers are brought to negotiate their relation to the pragmatic effects of ‘you’ in the wide variety of texts investigated in the following chapters. The model that is designed in this chapter gives pride of place to the flesh and blood reader and her potential self-ascription as addressee even in cases where there is only an ‘effect of address’.

Chapter 4 contains extensive references to exemplifications of the voice quality categories described in Chapters 1 and 2. Distinctive voice quality settings of actors, singers, media announcers, politicians, and other personalities are cited with specific references to be used as search terms to locate video and audio material online. A separate ‘Multimedia References’ section is included at the end of the text to facilitate searching. Long-term voice qualities are essentially extralinguistic, but they can also alternate among phrases of speech as paralinguistic ‘registers’. Many laryngeal postures, and their auditory output, are employed linguistically as syllabic registers or segmental units to signal contrastive lexical meaning. This is a result of the positioning of the laryngeal articulator at the beginning of the shaping of the sound stream, where background elements are easily patterned behind oral articulations. Extensive references to linguistic examples of lower-vocal-tract consonantal strictures and tonal register effects are presented within the text notes and are included among the video and audio materials online.